Lecture 1.........

Formalism Architecture !

ARC.EYOAB EQUBAY
Definition
As architectural objects are typically
non-representational and designed
with manipulation and relation of
forms as a primary task, it is natural
that their formal properties be seen as
playing a central role in our aesthetic
appreciation of them.
Theory……
Buildings
designed in that style exhibited
many Classical elements
strict symmetrical elevations
building proportion
Scale
Classical columns
highly stylized
Feature of New Formalism Theory
 Use of traditionally rich materials,
such as travertine, marble, and
granite or man-made materials
that mimic their luxurious qualities
 Buildings usually set on a podium,
 Designed to achieve modern
monumentality
Feature of New Formalism Theory
 Smooth wall surfaces
 Delicacy of details &
 Formal landscape; use of pools,
fountains, sculpture within a
central plaza
Welton Becket (American Architect)
 Becket was born in Seattle,
Washington and graduated from
the University of Washington
program in Architecture in 1927
with a Bachelor of Architecture
degree (B.Arch.).
 Welton David Becket (August 8,
1902 – January 16, 1969) was an
American modern architect who
designed many buildings in Los
Angeles, California.
Welton Becket (American Architect)

 Becket's buildings used unusual facade

materials such as ceramic tile and stainless steel
grillwork, repetitive geometric patterns, and a heavy
emphasis on walls clad in natural stone, particularly
travertine and flagstone.
 With The Walt Disney Company and the United
States Steel Corporation, Becket's firm co-designed
Disney's Contemporary Resort, which opened in 1971
at Walt Disney World Resort.
Philip Johnson (American Architect)
Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July
8, 1906 – January 25, 2005)
was an American architect best
known for his works of Modern
architecture, including the
Glass House in New Canaan,
Connecticut, and his works of
postmodern architecture,
Philip Johnson (American Architect)

 In 1930 Johnson joined the architecture department of the Museum of

Modern Art in New York. There he arranged for American visits by
Gropius and Le Corbusier, and negotiated the first American commission
for Mies van der Rohe.

 In 1932, working with Hitchcock and Alfred H. Barr, Jr., he organized the
first exhibition on Modern architecture at the Museum of Modern Art.

 The show and their simultaneously published book International Style:

Modern Architecture Since 1922 played an important part in introducing
modern architecture to the American public.
Lincoln Center (New York, U.S.)
Built up – 1955 - 1969
 Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts
(also simply known as Lincoln Center) is
a 16.3-acre (6.6-hectare) complex of
buildings in the Lincoln Square
neighborhood of Manhattan in New York
City. It has thirty indoor and outdoor
facilities and is host to 5 million visitors
annually.
When first announced in 1999,
Lincoln Center's campus wide
redevelopment was to cost $1.5 billion
over 10 years and radically transform
Mark Taper Forum (California, U.S.)
Built up – 1967
 The Mark Taper Forum is a 739-seat thrust
stage at the Los Angeles Music Center
designed by Welton Becket and Associates
on the Bunker Hill section of Downtown Los
Angeles. A $30-million renovation of the
Taper led by the Los Angeles firm Rios
Clementi Hale Studios began in July 2007
after the 2006/2007 season. The theater
reopened on August 30, 2008 for the first
preview of John Guare's The House of Blue
Leaves.
2 Columbus Circle (New York, U.S.)
Opened in - 1964
 2 Columbus Circle is a 12-story
building located on a small trapezoidal
lot on the south side of Columbus
Circle on the Upper West Side of
Manhattan, New York City.

 Controversy was sparked in 2002 after

the Museum of Arts and Design
(MAD) purchased the building and
planned to significantly alter its design,
including modifying its facade.
Dorothy Chandler Pavilion (California, U.S.)
Built up – 1962 - 1964
 The Dorothy Chandler Pavilion is
one of the halls in the Los Angeles
Music Center, which is one of the
three largest performing arts centers
in the United States. The Music
Center's other halls include the Mark
Taper Forum, Ahmanson Theatre,
and Walt Disney Concert Hall
 The Pavilion has 3,156 seats spread
over four tiers, with chandeliers,
wide curving stairways and rich
décor.
The Forum (California, U.S.)
Built up – 1966
 The Forum is a multi-purpose indoor
arena, in Inglewood, California, United
States.
The arena is formally known as The
Forum Presented by Chase, and has
previously been known as the Great
Western Forum and nicknamed the
"Fabulous Forum" in a newspaper headline.

 Architect Charles Luckman's vision was

brought to life by engineers Carl Johnson
and Svend Nielsen, who were able to
engineer the structure so that it had no
major support pillars.
American Embassy(Delhi, India)
Built up – 1955 - 1969
 The Embassy of the United States of
America is complex is situated on a 28-acre
plot of land in Chanakyapuri, the diplomatic
enclave of New Delhi, where most of the
embassies are located.

 The Embassy was designed by American

architect Edward Durell Stone, then a
professor of architecture at Yale University
and the designer of Radio City Music Hall.
The planning of the embassy began
in the early 1950s and the complex includes
the Chancery, the Roosevelt House (official
residence of the U.S. Ambassador)
Santa Monica Civic Auditorium
(New York, U.S.)Built up – 1958
 Santa Monica Civic Auditorium is a
multi-purpose convention center at
1855 Main Street in Santa Monica,
California, owned by the City of
Santa Monica. It was built in 1958
and designed by Welton Becket.

 The building was made of

reinforced concrete and combined
elements of a theater, concert hall,
and trade show and convention
auditorium.
Home Saving Building
(California, U.S.)Built up – 1970

 The Home Savings building located

in Santa Monica displays a beach-themed
mural of colored tiles, titled “Pleasures
Along the Beach.” At 40 feet by 16.5 feet,
the mosaic is the largest work of art
Sheets produced for Home Savings.
 A sculpture of a child riding a dolphin sits
at the east entrance of the building, and
bronze sculptures of a family playing in the
surf is the centerpiece of the open entry
plaza.
“The view Outside was much
more important than the
exhibits.”
Quote by . Minoru Yamasaki
Lecture 2.........
FUNCTIONALISM

Eyoab Equbay
Definition….
• Functionalism is a theory in architecture which states that the buildings should be designed
based on the function of the building. In the early 1900s, functionalism emerged as a need to
build better for the people in terms of the Functions of a Space.

• A Functional Architecture is an architectural model that identifies system function

and their interactions.

• This theory strongly disregarded the idea to design decorative and ornamental elements as a
form of artistic expression of the architect.

• However, the history of functionalism dates back to the 1st century BCE.
Roman architect Vitruvius derived the theory that buildings need to satisfy three aspects

• Utility
• Stability, and
• Beauty.
• Functionalism, in architecture, the doctrine that the form of a building should be determined
by practical considerations such as use, material, and structure, as distinct from the attitude
that plan and structure must conform to a preconceived picture in the designer’s mind.

• In architecture, functionalism is the principle that buildings should be designed based solely
on the purpose and function of the building.

• In this respect, functionalist architecture is often linked with the ideas of socialism and
modern humanism A new slight addition to this new wave of functionalism was that not only
should buildings and houses be designed around the purpose of functionality, architecture
should also be used as a means to physically create a better world and a better life for
people in the broadest sense.

• This new functionalist architecture had the strongest impact

in Czechoslovakia, Germany, Poland, the USSR and the Netherlands, and from the 1930s
also in Scandinavia (Northern Europe which are Sweden, Denmark and
Norway) and Finland.
• Architecture should reach to an optimum combination of firmitas , utilitas and venustas, meaning firmness,
functionality and beauty.
• Functionality meant the arrangement of rooms and spaces so that there is no difficulty to the use of building and so
that a building is perfectly suited to its site.

• Firmness meant that foundations were solid and that the materials of the building well selected.

• Beauty meant that the appearance of the work is pleasing and in good taste.

• Therefore, the ultimate test of architecture is made by asking these questions:

1. Does the building function well and is it suitable for its site? (functionality)
2. Is the building built well enough to stand up and are its materials durable? (firmness)
3. Does the building appeal to senses?
 Function and Form in Architecture

• Architecture is the art of playing with forms (solids) and spaces (cavities).

• Some architects start their designs by playing with forms (solids) and some of them start by
playing with spaces (cavities).

• Likewise, and very relatedly, some architects start their designs by thinking about the
formal appearance of the building and some of them start by thinking about the functional
operation of the building.

• However, for the creation of a good architectural product, both of them are necessary.
Great architects play with them at the same time.

1. Function Following Form

2. Form Following Function and
 1.Function Following Form

• The shape of a building should be the architect’s primary consideration, and any functions and activities that
the building is to house should be accommodated into this form.

• The modernist functionalism, which saw the function of a building affect its final shape and form, produced
a reaction, which dictated that function follows form;

That the shape of a building should be the architect’s primary consideration, and any functions and
activities that the building is to house should be accommodated into this form.

• One of the earliest architects who embraced the ideals of this kind of an architecture was Antoni Gaudí; his
most famous work, La Sagrada Familia, or the Parc Güell (both in Barcelona, Spain) use forms in a
sculptural way to great dynamic effect. La Sagrada Familia is extremely ornamental and decorative.

• It looks like it has been sculpted rather than built and its stones appear almost liquid-like and display a light,
open quality.
La Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Spain Antoni Gaudí, still to
be completed
 2.Form Following Function
• ‘Form follows function’ was a phrase developed by American architect Louis Sullivan.

• It meant that the form of any building should be defined by the activities/functions that were to be carried
out inside it, rather than any historical precedent (example) or aesthetic ideal.

• It implied that decorative elements, which are called as ‘ornaments’, were needless in buildings. The
phrase became the motto of Modernist architects after the 1920s.

• Sullivan designed the world’s first skyscrapers using these functionalist design principles. His approach
was concerned with form following function and the buildings he produced were driven by functional
necessity.

• The concept of functionalism was further developed by Austrian architect Adolf Loos. He wrote as
‘ornament is crime’, and argued that any decoration on a building was both superfluous and unnecessary.
The thinking of both architects created new and modern responses to architectural design.
 • Sullivan designed the world’s first
skyscrapers using these functionalist design
principles. His approach was concerned with
form following function and the buildings he
produced were driven by functional necessity.

Wainwright Building (left) and Guaranty Building (right) by Louis Sullivan

 • Adolf Loos He wrote as ‘ornament is crime’,
and argued that any decoration on a building
was both superfluous and unnecessary. The
thinking of both architects created new and
modern responses to architectural design.

Adolf Loos: Muller House, Prague, Czech Republic

• The Modernists adopted both of these phrases “form follows function” and “ornament is crime” as moral
principles, and they have seen industrial objects, machines and factories as brilliant and beautiful
examples of plain, simple design integrity.

• Modernist architecture first arose around 1900 and primarily sought for the primacy of function in
architecture, the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament.

• It said that the forms should be shaped as a result of the functions of the buildings, instead of by
traditional aesthetic concepts.

• Therefore modernist architecture adopted ‘functionalism’ in architecture, which is a principle saying that
architects should design a building based on the purpose of that building.
 Modernists were inspired by industrial objects, machines and factories, since they were designed by function
in mind. They presumed that buildings should also work like good working machines and developed a
concept called ‘machine aesthetics’ to describe the formal understanding of such buildings. They have
attempted to have such a machine aesthetics in their own buildings.

AEG Turbine Factory, Germany, Industrial architecture

Architecture is more than functional utility or structural display it is the container
that shapes human life.

The architect Louis Kahn explained this very well:

“when you make a building, you make a life. It comes out of life, and you
really make a life. It talks to you. When you have only the comprehension of
function of a building, it would not become an environment of a life.”
Types of Function in Architecture:
There are different types of function in architecture:

1.Pragmatic function
2.Circulatory function
3. Symbolic function
4.Psychological function
5.Cultural and contextual function

1. Pragmatic function

Accommodation of a specific use in a room or

space. (for example, a room might be used to
contain a single bed for sleeping or it might be
an office cell containing a desk)
2.Circulatory function

The making of appropriate spaces to direct movement

form area to area. Most buildings contain numerous
rooms with interrelated functions.

People, naturally, need to move from one space to

another. Therefore, the circulatory function should also
be satisfied well.

In some buildings, such as museums and galleries, this

route may be designed as part of the architectural
concept. The route through these buildings might
allow, in this instance, the art or artifacts to be better
understood and experienced.

Kimbell Art Museum by Louis Kahn

3. Symbolic function

A building has also a symbolic function and

demonstrates its use by its exterior view. We
usually expect a correspondence between
buildings appearance and its use.

In the past (among the Romans, Egyptians or

Greeks) there were rules that describe the
appearances of buildings for certain uses, but
nowadays we don’t have such rules.

Temple of Augustus and Livia

Starting with the Modern Movement in
architecture roughly by 1920’s (Modernism),
buildings started to tell us almost nothing about
what goes on inside them.

For example, Mies van der Rohe’s two buildings

in Illinois Institute of Technology campus, look Mies van der Rohe’s Boiler Plant in Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois (1949-
similar in terms of their architectural language 52)
and materials, but one of them is the Boiler House
and the other is a church.

Mies van der Rohe’s Carr Memorial Chapel, Illinois Institute of Technology,
Chicago, Illinois (1949-52)
4.Psychological function

Good architecture has also physiological and

psychological functions to fulfill. For example, a waiting
room in a doctor’s office or a hospital emergency room
are the places where people feel heightened levels of
anxiety.

An architect might determine that creating a domestic

environment there or to give a view of garden would
help to reduce the level of anxiety.

Louis Kahn’s principal ideas about the function of the

building was the distinction between ‘served’ and
‘servant’ spaces.

Servant spaces have functional use, such as storage

rooms, bathrooms or kitchens the spaces that are
essential for a building to function properly. Served
spaces might be living or dining rooms or offices –
spaces that the servant areas serve

Salk Institute by Louis Kahn

5.Cultural and contextual function

Function is also socially and culturally

influenced and a building’s form is also a
response to its physical setting and climate.

Every building has the responsibility to

respect and to be in harmony with its
context/environment.

The building has to answer to the genius

loci (spirit of the placea location's
distinctive atmosphere) of that place.

Turgut Cansever – Demir Holiday Village in Bodrum

xamples Across the world

Governmental Office Building in Belgium. The Pharmacy Building in Norway Flatiron Building in US New York
James Charnley House Louis Sullivan
(also known as the Charnley–Persky House Museum Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Cathedral
Foundation and the National Headquarters of the Society and Rectory, Chicago (1900–1903)
of Architectural Historians), Chicago (1891–1892)
Louis Sullivan Louis Sullivan
Merchants' National Bank, Grinnell, Iowa (1914) People's Federal Savings and Loan
Association, Sidney, Ohio (1918)
Lecture 3.........
Metabolism in Architecture
Definition
….The word metabolism describes the process of maintaining living cells.
Young Japanese architects after World War II used this word to describe
their beliefs about how buildings and cities should be designed, emulating
a living being.

Metabolism can be translated to the Japanese expression Shinchintaisha,

meaning renewal or regeneration, closely related to the Buddhist
concepts of transmogrification and reincarnation, as Cherie Wendelken
has pointed out.

At the heart of Metabolist thinking is the reorganization of the relationship

between society and the individual.
Definition….
• Comprehensive planning would make people free.

The dissolution of the city into ‘cells’ corresponded to the breaking away from
patriarchal family structures and the strengthening of the position of the
individual in Japanese society.
• A well-known example of Metabolism in architecture is Kisho Kurokawa's
Nakagin Capsule Tower in Tokyo.
• Over 100 prefabricated cell-capsule-units are individually bolted onto a
single concrete shaft like Brussels sprouts on a stalk, although the look is
more like a stalk of front-loading washing machines.
•In the metabolism schemes, the notion of place is neglected in favor of issues of
spatial relationships, change, temporality, and process.

•The interest in exploring new spatial organizational patterns is more prominent than
the longing for recreating a lost place; rather, potential new forms of ‘habitats’ are
explored.

•The experience of war and consequent loss of place trigger the creation of new
architectural terms, architectural imagery, and a shift in the discourse.

• In the work of the Metabolists the architectural image replaces the category of
‘place’.
 • Metabolism is a modern architecture movement
originating in Japan and most influential in the
1960s—trending roughly from the late 1950s to
the early 1970s

• The Metabolist proposals intensely discuss the social

relationship between a controlled public system and
the individual freedom of the consumer.

• In the mega structures , the public structure

dominates and controls urban life.

• It devises a secondary system of cells, an

expression of individual freedom, and of
approximate spatial equality.

Example:-
Nakagin Capsule Tower Apartments, an Example of
Japanese Metabolism.
• The interior of the capsule was also designed using
industrial technologies.

• A variety of installations were built into an extremely compact

space:
1. An integrated bathroom unit at a corner, a bed
underneath the window, and
2. Appliances and cabinets along the other wall
including a color television set, a refrigerator, a
kitchen stove, an air conditioner, a telephone, a
stereo, an air cleaner, a table light, a clock, and a
desk calculator.

• In future Sustainable Architectures:- designers will learn from

• Existing resilient multicultural practices in cities
• Landscapes and address a variety of
• Spaces for new commonalities,
• Aesthetics, and
• Cultural values.
• The aim was to provide basic space and outfitting to
support the lifestyle of a modern urban person in the
city.

• When the capsules were sold in 1972, their prices ranged

from $12,300 to $14,600, about the cost of a luxury car of
the time.

• Construction took place in separate locations, both

1. On-site and
2. Off-site.

• The only on-site construction was the two towers and

space for utilities and equipment.

• Capsules were prefabricated and assembled in another

city by a manufacturer that produced railroad vehicle and
vessels.
Neoclassical architecture
finition…
• During the 18th and early 19th centuries. The movement concerned
itself with the logic of Entire Classical volumes, unlike Classical
revivalism, which tended to reuse Classical parts.

• It is a style principally derived from the architecture of Classical antiquity ,

1. the Vitruvian principles and

2. the architecture of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio.

• Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the
neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century, both as a
reaction against the Rococo style of anti-tectonic naturalistic ornament,
and an outgrowth of some classicizing features of Late Baroque.

Neoclassical Architecture is characterized by grandeur of :-

• Scale simplicity of geometric forms

• Greek especially Doric or Roman details
• Dramatic use of columns, and a preference for blank walls.
• In its purest form it is a
style principally derived
from the architecture of
Classical Greece and the
architecture of Italian
Andrea Palladio.

• Neoclassical
buildings generally
involve grandeur,
massive scale, and
the use of drama,
but steer away from
artifice and
decoration.
• Instead, they are
designed to evoke a
sense of simplicity and
conform to rules of
symmetry.

• They are recognizable for

their
1. Huge,
2. Tall columns; their
flat or domed roofs;
and
3. Their gardens, like
the Neoclassical
buildings they
surround,
4. Conform to rules of
Example:-
The White House
Location: Washington DC, USA
Build Date: 1792 - 1800
Architect: James Hoban

Completed in 1800, The White House has been

the official residence of every US President since
John Adams. Built by slaves, ex-slaves and
others, the building has been modified many
times and once endured a fire
Example:-
Buckingham Palace
Location: London, UK
Architect: John Nash, Edward Blore, and
others

Build Date: Though the original house at the

palace was built in 1703, there was a lot of
later work done on it.

The East Wing, which is most recognisable to

the modern viewer, was completed in 1850.

The external facade of Buckingham Palace is

heavily influenced by the French neoclassical
architecture style, which was a favorite of
King George IV.
Example:-
Pavlovsk Palace, Russia
Catherine the Great had this
imperial residence built from 1777
for her son.
Its Classical exterior,
influenced by the Italian architect
Andrea Palladio, is followed through
indoors in Italian and Grecian halls.
Lecture 4.........
Brutalism Architecture
Definition…
• Which emerged during the 1950s in Great Britain, among the reconstruction
projects of the post war era.
• The term gained increasingly wider recognition when British architectural
historian Reyner Banham used it to identify both an
Ethic and Aesthetic Style, in his 1955 essay the New Brutalism.

• New Brutalism is not only an architectural style; it is also a philosophical

approach to architectural design, a striving to create

• Simple,
• Honest, and
• Functional buildings that accommodate their
purpose,
• Inhabitants, and
• Location. Stylistic, Brutalism is a strict, modernistic
design language.
• The core of term brutalism is based on the Aesthetics of the Le Corbusier residential unit in Marseille in
1952 and the use of the term “beton-brut” in the context of architecture made in raw concrete.

• The main feature that makes this building the basis for more creative ideas by the Brutalist architects is
neither the size nor the concept of spatial functional organization.

• But Corbusier's reinforced concrete, Concrete was completely new, original, raw form, rough and can be
used solidly therefore, it emerged before a newly built building was finished.

• After World War II, brutalist style has emerged in United States and rapidly spread out all around the
world. This style was from the first critics that criticize the positive and negative aspects of modern
architecture from some points of view.

• In that time, modern architecture can overcome preferred architectural styles such as neoclassical or
neo-Gothic and turns to the most used architectural style with clean lines and a bold expression of
structure.
The origins of the philosophical and architectural style of brutalism can extend to events after World
War II, Due to the problems that occurred during these years, the European economy was completely
paralyzed and faced huge crises therefore, it was impossible for them to use the usual and expensive
materials. So all the architects sought cheap materials to replace metal, which eventually resulted in
concrete.

Architectural characteristics of brutalist style

• Brutalism follows modernists where the buildings must follow the function of the form, or architects
should pay less attention to decorative facades and resemble buildings only.

• A form of modernism emphasized the emergence of the basic elements and materials of a building.

• In other words, in Brutalism, the conceptual "distance" between material and its function is as small
as possible. Moreover, the “rawness "of the materials used also relates residents to the production
of the building
Reyner Banham states that one architectural work can be considered Brutalist if it possesses
the following Characteristics : -

1) Clear exhibition of structure :- this relates to inclination to stress primary construction, often
even vertical communications. Outer layers are omitted, as they hide the original appearance, the
aesthetics of the construction and basic construction materials.

2) Valuation of materials “as found”:- the inclination to use the materials in their raw or original
form, so that there is no need for later processing.

3) Memorability as an image:- perception of an architectural work should aim for its

comprehensive and clear experience. the form perceived from one point can later be confirmed
when going around the building or when using the structure;

4) Formal legibility of plan:- architectural composition should be recognizable in the structural

layout. The form should reflect the functional organization of the structure and materials it was
built of.
• Reyner Banham also associated the term New Brutalism with Art Brut and beton brut,
meaning Raw concrete in French, for the first time.

• The best-known beton brut architecture is the proto-Brutalist work of the Swiss-French architect
Le Corbusier.

Having largely given way to

• Structural Expressionism

• DE constructivism

Many of the defining aspects of the style have been softened in newer buildings, with concrete
facades often being sandblasted to create a stone-like surface, covered in stucco, or composed of
patterned, pre-cast elements.
Example:-
The Boston city Hall (1968)
Designed by Kallmann Mckinnell &
Knowles (architect) & Campbell,Aldrich &
nulty (architect) and Lemessurier
Associates (engineers)
Example:-
The John P. Robarts
Research Library
commonly referred to as Robarts
Library, is the main humanities and social
sciences library of the University of
Toronto Libraries and opened in 1973
Example:-
Habitat 67
(1967) in Montreal, Quebec,
Canada, is a Brutalist building
Structuralism in Architecture
Definition….
Structuralism in architecture and urban planning had its
origins in the Conger International Architecture Modern(CIAM)
after World War II. As a group of avant-garde architects, Team
10 was active from 1953 to 1981, and two different movements
emerged from it: the New Brutalism of the English members
(Alison and Peter Smithson) and the Structuralism of the Dutch
members (Aldo van Eyck and Jacob Bakema).
Definition….
other ideas developed that furthered the Structuralism
movement - influenced by the concepts of Louis Kahn in the
United States, Kenzo Tange in Japan and John Habraken in the
Netherlands (with his theory of user participation in housing).

Designed his well-known Tokyo Bay Plan. Reflecting later on

the initial phase of that project, he said: "It was, I believe, around
1959 or at the beginning of the sixties that I began to think about
what I was later to call Structuralism.“
Definition….
Tange also wrote the article "Function, Structure and
Symbol, 1966", in which he describes the transition from a
functional to a structural approach in thinking.

Tange considers the period from 1920 to 1960 under the

heading of "Functionalism" and the time from 1960 onwards
under the heading of "Structuralism".
Themes of Team 10 on the cover of Forum 7/1959:
• cluster
• change and growth
• Half-way in relation to other cultures
• Imagination versus common-sense
• Appreciated unit
• The philosophy of the doorstep
• Against the spatial corridor between functionalistic blocks
• The city as "interior" of the community
• Identity ─ (architecture and residents)
• Core of the city
• Hierarchy of human associations
• Mobility
• Habitat for the largest section of the population
• Harmony in motion ─ (aesthetics of number)
• Aspect of ascending dimensions
• Identifying devices
• Differentiated dwelling unit
• Visual group
Example:-
Habitat 67
(1967) in Montreal,
Quebec, Canada, is a
Brutalist building
Example:-
Habitat 67
(1967) in Montreal,
Quebec, Canada, is a
Brutalist building
Example:-
in 1960 Kenzo Tange
designed the
Structuralist Tokyo
Bay Plan
Example:- Madrid-Barajas Airport, 2006
By Rogers Stirk Harbour +
Partners
What’s nice about concrete is that it looks unfinished.
Zaha Hadid
Lecture 5.........
Deconstructivism in Architecture
Definition….
Is a movement of postmodern architecture which
appeared in the 1980s. It gives the impression of the
fragmentation of the constructed building, commonly
characterized by an absence of obvious harmony,
continuity, or symmetry.
Constructivism and Deconstruction a form of semiotic
analysis developed by the French philosopher Jacques
Derrida.
Definition….
Architects whose work is often described as Deconstructivist
(though in many cases the architects themselves reject the label)
include Zaha Hadid, Peter Eisenman, Frank Gehry, Rem
Koolhaas, Daniel Libeskind, Bernard Tschumi, and Coop
Himmelb.
Definition….
Besides fragmentation, Deconstructivism often

• manipulates the structure's surface skin and

• deploys non-rectilinear shapes

which appear to distort and dislocate established

elements of architecture. The finished visual appearance is
characterized by unpredictability and controlled chaos.
 Deconstructivist philosophy

Some practitioners of Deconstructivism were also

influenced by the formal experimentation and geometric
imbalances of Russian constructivism. There are additional
references in Deconstructivism to 20th-century movements:
• The modernism/postmodernism interplay,
• Expressionism,
• Cubism,
• Minimalism and
• Contemporary art.
 Deconstructivist philosophy
Deconstructivism attempts to move away from the supposedly
constricting 'rules' of modernism such as
1. Form follows function
2. Purity of form and
3. Truth to materials.
Any architectural deconstructivism requires the existence of a
particular archetypal construction, a strongly-established
conventional expectation to play flexibly against.
 Deconstructivist philosophy
Both Deconstructivism and Constructivism have been
concerned with the tectonics of making an abstract
assemblage.
Both were concerned with the radical simplicity of
geometric forms as the primary artistic content, expressed
in graphics, sculpture and architecture.
The Constructivist tendency toward purism, though, is
absent in Deconstructivism form is often deformed when
construction is deconstructed. Also lessened or absent is the
advocacy of socialist and collectivist causes.
 Contemporary Art
1. Minimalism and
2. Cubism,

Minimalist:- architecture became popular in the late 1980s in

London and New York, where Architects and Fashion designers
worked together in the boutiques to achieve simplicity, using white
elements, cold lighting, large space with minimum objects and
furniture.
 The considerations for 'essences' are
light, form, detail of material, space,
place, and human condition. Minimalist
architects not only consider the physical
qualities of the building. They consider
the spiritual dimension and the
invisible, by listening to the figure and
paying attention to details, people,
space, nature, and materials.

Example
330 North Wabash in Chicago, a minimalist building by
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
 Cubism:- is an early-20th-
century avant-garde art movement
that revolutionized European
painting and sculpture, and
inspired related movements in
music, literature and architecture.
Cubism has been considered the
most influential art movement of the
20th century.

Example
Pablo Picasso, 1910, Girl with
a Mandolin (Fanny Tellier), oil on
canvas
Frank Gehry.

Example:-Walt Disney Concert Hall

by Frank Gehry.
Example:-
Dancing House by Vlado Milunic
and Frank Gehry, Prague, Czech
Republic.
Example:-
City of Capitals in
Moscow IBC, Russia
Example:-
The Guggenheim Museum
Bilbao by Frank Gehry, in
Bilbao, Spain
 Example:-
UFA-Palast in Dresden,
Dresden, Germany, by
Coop Himmelb