EiABC, Presentation Techniques (course) Takele G/yohannes
February 10 2021
Definition
It’s simply analysis on spatial and non-
spatial data(attribute) ; since GIS has both
capability to do so(Otto et al)
Why we are interested to make spatial data
analysis?
– To answer questions and solve problem that are of
spatial relevance
– This leads us to make a model that describes
physical phenomena
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Cont…….
Aronoff identifies four categories of GIS
analysis functions these are:-
Retrieval, Reclassification, and
Generalization/measurements
Topological Overlay Techniques;
Neighborhood Operations; and
Connectivity Functions.
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(Lloyd) key concept in spatial data
analysis at simple level includes
Measuring distances.
Measuring lengths and perimeters.
Buffers
Geographical weighting
Spatial dependence and spatial
autocorrelation (measuring the degree of
similarity in neighboring values )
Merging polygons 4
Retrieval- the selective search, manipulation,
and output of data without the requirement to
modify the geographic location of the features
involved.
Reclassification involves the selection and
presentation of a selected layer of data based on
the classes or values of a specific attribute
Classification is a technique of purposefully
removing detail from an input data set in the
hope of revealing important patterns
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Reclassification
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Overlay Function
allow the
combination of two
or more spatial data
layers comparing
them position by
position, and treating
areas of overlap- and
of non-overlap-in
distinct ways.
These tools mostly use
tools like union, buffers
and intersection.
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Neighborhood functions
Overlay combine feature at the same location
while neighborhood functions evaluate the
characteristics of an area surrounding a
feature’s location. A neighborhood function
‘scans’ the neighborhood of the given
feature(s), and performs a computation on it.
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Connectivity functions
a. Contiguity functions evaluate a characteristic
of a set of connected spatial units.
b. Network analytic functions are used to
compute over connected line features that
make up a network.
c. Visibility functions also fit in this list as they
are used to compute the points visible from a
given location (viewshed modeling or viewshed
mapping) using a digital terrain model.
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Measurements
Once we find, count, and describe objects, our
next step is to measure them.
– involved measures of length, perimeter, and area.
Measurements on vector data
The vector data sets are point, polyline, polygon and
points their related geometric measurements are
location, length, distance and area size.
Measurements on raster data
The area size of a selected part of the raster (a group of
cells) is calculated as the number of the cells multiplied
by the cell area size. 10
Spatial selection
queries Attribute and
Location
conditions
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Spatial selection using topological
relationships
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Raster based surface analysis
• Slope angle
• Hill shading
• Slope aspect
• Slope
convexity/con
cavity
• Slope length
calculation
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Buffer, clip, intersect, union,
merge, dissolve
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Network Analysis
o Network analysis can be performed on either
raster or vector data layers, but they are more
commonly done in the latter(vector),
The most important ones are
o Optimal path finding which generates a least cost-path on a
network between a pair of predefined locations using both
geometric and attribute data.
o Network partitioning which assigns network elements (nodes
or line segments) to different locations using predefined
criteria.
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Optimal path finding
Network partitioning
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• Thank you
