Signals and Systems ECE 221

Chapter One
Introduction to Signals

Associate Professor/ Mohamed Saber

Lecture 1
3-10-2022 1
 Course

 References: (Knowledge Bank)

 Signals and Systems using Matlab, Luis F. Chaparro and Aydin Akan, Elsevier, 2019

 Signals and Systems, K. Deergha Ra, Springer, 2018.

 Additional References
 Signals and Systems: A primer with Matlab , MATTHEW N. O. SADIKU, CRC PRESS, 2016.

 Signals and Systems : Principles and Applications, Shaila Dinkar Apte,Cambridge University Press, 2016

 Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and Systems, Minral Mandal, Amir Asif, Cambridge University Press, 2007

 CAD Tools:
 Matlab 2
 Course Objectives

1 By the end of the course the students will be able to: Represent continuous-time and discrete-time signals
in both time and frequency domains.

2 Understand definition and properties of Systems.

2- Be able to analyze signals using Fourier series, Fourier transform (continuous and discrete).

3- Represent CT signals by its samples and analyze the spectrum.

4- Completely understand energy and power spectrum.

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 Course Contents

1. Introduction to Signals

2. Introduction to systems

3. Time-domain analysis of LTIC systems

4. Signal representation using Fourier series

5. Continuous-time Fourier transform

6. Laplace transform

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 Chapter 1
Introduction to Signals

1. Introduction to Signals

2. Basic Definitions

3. Classifications of Signals

4. Basic Continuous-Time Signals

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 1.1 Introduction to Signals

 Signals is a function that represents information about the behavior of some phenomenon".

 Common examples of signals are:

 Human speech   Pressure  Stock prices

Temperature

 Electrical signals, normally expressed in the form of voltage or current waveforms, are some of the easiest signals to
generate and process.

 Mathematically, signals are modeled as functions of one or more independent variables.

 Examples of independent variables used to represent signals are time, frequency.

 A signal x(t) is a set of data or function of time that represents a variable of interest.

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1.1 Introduction to Signals

Examples to signals

Electrical Voltage

Audio signal

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1.1 Introduction to Signals

Examples to signals

Image

Temperature

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1.2 Basic Definitions

 A system is a collection of devices that operate on input signal x(t) (or excitation) to produce an output signal y(t) (or
response).

Examples of systems include all electric and electronic circuits, computer, and the human body.

 A system may have several mathematical models or representations.

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 1.3 Classifications of Signals

1.3.1 Continuous-time and discrete-time signals

 A continuous-time signal takes a value at every instant of time t.

 A signal x(t) that is defined at all instants of time is known as a continuous-time signal.

(a) continuous-time signal

 A discrete-time signal is usually identified as a sequence of numbers, denoted by x[n], where

n is an integer It may represent a phenomenon for which the independent variable n is
inherently discrete.

 A discrete-time signal is defined only at particular instants of time

(b) discrete-time signals
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1.3 Classifications of Signals 1.3.1 Continuous-time and discrete-time signals

Sources of Discrete time Signal:

1 Sampling

 As shown in Figure, the continuous-time signal x(t) in Fig. (a) is sampled

uniformly with sampling period T to produce the discrete-time signal x[n].

 in Fig. (b) a discrete-time signal is equally spaced in time with sampling

period T Thus, discrete-time signals are samples of continuous-time signals.

2- Naturally

Ex: Grades, Daily Temperatures,….Stocks

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1.3 Classifications of Signals
1.3.2 Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals Nonperiodic
 A periodic signal is one that repeats itself every T seconds.
 A periodic continuous-time signal satisfies

where 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡 + 𝑘𝑇)

k is an integer
T is the period of the signal

 A discrete-time signal x[n] is periodic with period N if it satisfies

where
N is the fundamental period of the signal

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 Periodicity of Sinusoidal Signal
General Form of Sinusoidal Signals

A general form of a sinusoidal signal is

y 𝑡 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
or
where
y 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)

A is the magnitude of the signal v(t)

𝜔 is the angular frequency ( rad/s )
f is the frequency in hertz ( Hz)
𝜙 is the phase angle in radians
𝜋 𝜋
sin 𝜃𝜃 = cos 𝜃𝜃 = −sin
2 2
+ cos(𝜃𝜃) + (𝜃𝜃)

Sinusoidals signal in C.T is periodic for any value

of 𝝎
Examples

sin(2𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0.4𝜋𝑡) sin(1.5𝑡)

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 Periodicity of Sinusoidal Signal
Example 1
Let 𝑉1 𝑡 = sin 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 𝑡 = cos(𝑡). Consider the sum of the two signals 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉1 𝑡 + 𝑉2(𝑡). Is 𝑉(𝑡) periodic? If
so, what is the period of 𝑉(𝑡) ?
Solution

𝑉1(𝑡) has an angular frequency of 1 rad/sec and 𝑉2(𝑡) has an angular frequency of 1 rad/sec, too.
For 𝑉1(𝑡) and with 𝜔 = 1, we can write
1 = 2𝜋 → 𝑇1 = 2𝜋
𝑇1
Also, for 𝑉2(𝑡) and with 𝜔 = 1 we can write
1 = 2𝜋 → 𝑇2 = 2𝜋
𝑇2
Checking the ratio 𝑇1
=1
𝑇2
indicates that it is a rational number. Therefore, v(t) is a periodic signal and has a period 𝑇 = 𝑘𝑇1
= 𝑚𝑇2
𝑇1 = 2𝜋 = 1
Thus, 𝑇 = 2 2𝜋
𝑇
or
1
𝑇 = 𝑇1 = 𝑇2 = 2𝜋 𝑠
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Example 2

Let 𝑉1 𝑡 = sin 2𝜋𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = sin(𝑡). Consider the sum 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑡 + 𝑉2(𝑡). Is 𝑉(𝑡) periodic? If so, what is the
𝑉2 𝑉1
Solution
period of v(t)?

For 𝑉1 𝑡 we have
𝑇1 = 1

and for 𝑉2 𝑡 we have

𝑇2 = 2𝜋

The ratio 𝑇1 1
=
𝑇2 2𝜋

is not a rational number. Therefore, 𝑉(𝑡) is not a periodic signal.

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1.3 Classifications of Signals
1.3.3 Analog and Digital Signals

 If a continuous-time signal x(t) can assume any value in the range −∞ < t < ∞, then it is called an analog signal.

 Although all analog signals are continuous-time signals, not all continuous-time signals are analog signals.

 If a discrete-time signal assumes only finite values, then it is called a digital signal.

 A digital signal have a finite number of values (usually binary).

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1.3 Classifications of Signals
1.3.4 Even and Odd Symmetry

 Any signal x(t) can be represented as the sum of even and odd signals as

where

𝑋𝑋 𝑡 : is the even part 𝑋𝑋𝑜(𝑡) : is the odd part

𝑒

𝑥 −𝑡 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑥𝑜 −𝑡 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑥𝑜(𝑡)

= 1 [𝑥 𝑡
𝑥𝑒 𝑡 2 + 𝑥(−𝑡)]

= 1 [𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑥(−𝑡)]
𝑥𝑜 𝑡 2

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1.3 Classifications of Signals
1.3.4 Even and Odd Symmetry

A signal is even if

𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥(−𝑡)

A function is even if its plot is symmetrical about the vertical axis; that is, the signal for t < 0 is the mirror image of the
signal for t > 0.

A signal is odd if

𝑥 𝑡 = −𝑥(−𝑡)

A function is Odd if its plot is symmetrical about the Origin; that is, the signal for t < 0 is the negative mirror image of the
signal for t > 0.
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Example 3
Determine the even and odd components of
(a) x(t) = 10 sin(t) + 5 cos(t) – 2 cos(t) sin (t) (b) y(t) shown in Figure (a)

Solution
(a) We first find x(−t) . We should keep in mind that sin(−t) = −sin(t) and cos(−t) = cos(t).

(b)

Hence,

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1.3 Classifications of Signals 1.3.4 Energy and Power Signals

For non-periodic signal For periodic signal

The normalized power P for real x(t) is
The Normalized energy E of x(t) is

The normalized power P of x(t)

The Normalized energy E of x(t) is
is

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1.3 Classifications of Signals

1.3.4 Energy and Power Signals

Signals

Energy Signal Neither Energy nor Power Signal

Power Signal
If and only if If and only if
If previous conditions not met.
 0<𝐸<∞  0<𝑃<∞
 𝑃=0  𝐸=∞  𝐸 = ∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 = 0
Or
 𝐸 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 = ∞

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Example 4
Determine whether the following signals are energy signals, power signals, or neither.
𝑏

𝑥 𝑡
(a) The normalized energy of the signal is (b) The sinusoidal signal has period 𝑇 = 2𝜋. 𝜔
= 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡)
The normalized average power is
It is non periodic signal (𝑇 = ∞), so it may be energy Solution 1 𝑇 𝜔 𝑇 2
𝑃 = � 𝑥 𝑡 2𝑑𝑡 = � 𝐴 cos2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0 2𝜋 0
2𝜋
2
𝐴 𝜔 𝜔 1
= � 1 + cos 2𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2𝜋 0 2
2𝜋
𝐴2𝜔 1 𝜔
= 𝑡+ sin 2𝜔𝑡
4𝜋 2𝜔 0
�
𝐴2𝜔 2𝜋 1
1 𝑇 1 =1 [ +
sin 4𝜋 − 0 −
𝑃 = lim � 𝑒−2𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = lim ( 1/2𝑎) = sin(0)] 4𝜋 𝜔
𝑇 0 𝑇 𝐴 2𝜔 2𝜔 2
0 = 2𝜔 =𝐴 <∞
2
confirming that x(t) is an energy signal. 2𝜋 4𝜋
showing that x(t) is a power signal. 22
 Sheet 1-1

1- Express the signals shown in Figure as the sum of odd and even signals.

a b

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 Sheet 1-1

2- Consider the following signals.

𝑋𝑋1 𝑡 = 10 cos(2𝑡)

𝑋𝑋2 𝑡 = cos(2𝜋𝑡)
1 2
𝑋𝑋3 𝑡 = cos 𝑡 + 10
2 3

𝑋𝑋4 𝑡 = 10 cos 2𝑡 +
𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝜋𝑡)
a) What are the periods of the first three signals given?

b) Is the sum of the first two signals periodic?

c) Is the sum of the last two signals periodic?

d) Is the sum of the first and the last signals periodic?

e) Plot the signals in all parts.

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 Sheet 1-1

3. Find the energy content of and determine whether it is a power or energy signal.

4. Let calculate the energy content of the signal.

5. Find out if the following signals are power or energy signals or neither:

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 Important Laws

� cos 𝑡 = sin(𝑡) cos 0 =1

1
cos2 𝑡 = 2 (1 + cos(2𝑡))
cos 𝜋 = −1
� sin 𝑡 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡) 1
cos 𝑛2𝜋 = sin2 𝑡 = 2 (1 − cos(2𝑡))
1
cos 𝑛𝜋 = −1 𝑛 ,𝑛≥0 sin 𝑎 ± 𝑏 = sin 𝑎 cos(𝑏) ± cos 𝑎 sin(𝑏)
𝑑
cos(𝑡) = −sin(𝑡) sin 0 = 0 cos 𝑎 ± 𝑏 = cos 𝑎 cos(𝑏) ∓ sin(𝑏)
𝑑𝑡
𝜋
𝑑 sin =1
sin(𝑡) = cos (𝑡) 2 tan−1 0 =0
𝑑𝑡
sin 𝑛𝜋 =0 𝜋
𝑒±𝑗𝑗𝑡 = cos 𝑡 ± jsin(𝑡) tan−1(∞) =
𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝑡 + sin2 2 = 1 2
1 −𝜋
cos 𝑡 = (𝑒𝑗𝑗𝑡 + 𝑒−𝑗𝑗𝑡) 𝜋 tan−1(−∞) =
2 sin 𝜃𝜃 =
2 2
+ cos(𝜃𝜃)
1 𝜋
sin 𝑡 = 𝑗𝑗𝑡 −𝑗𝑗𝑡 cos 𝜃𝜃 = −sin
2𝑗 (𝑒 − 𝑒 ) 2
𝑗 + (𝜃𝜃)

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