GAMBELLA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION
ENGINEERING
PROJECT TITLE: GAMBELLA TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
THIS PROJECT IS PREPARED FOR THE FULFILLMENT OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN WATER RESOURCE AND
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION
Water plays an important role in making life comfortable. It is
used in many ways example for drinking, cooking, bathing,
flushing of sewers, firefighting etc.
It is possible to survive without food and shelter for same days
but without water.
it is not possible to survive for much of the time. without air
we cannot live even for few minutes next to air it is water
which of paramount importance for living beings hence
sufficient water supply provision is the most important and
prior need for any society with quality and quantity.
Objective of the Company
General Objective
The general objective of this project is to provide
adequate, good quality, safe, and sustainable
water for the Gambella town population
Specific objective
To provide whole water to the consumers for drinking purposes.
To attain safe human health.
To promote enough access of water to the community with well-
designed sanitary activities.
Maximize the economic, social, and political issues of the
community by reducing the burden of women and children.
To prevent pollution of water at source, storage, and conveyance.
To design and maintain a system that is economical and reliable.
To prevent disease transmission and make water acceptable
Design period and Population forecasting
Design period
Defined as the length of time or the number of years for which
the design of the water supply works has done is known as
design period
The design period should neither be too long that the financial
burden is thrown on the future generation nor should be too
small that the whole financial burden is thrown on the present
generation and the design of water work becomes
uneconomical
The design period is not only limited by general economic
consideration but also the following factor
Funds available for the completion of the project if more funds are available
design period may be more, but if small funds are available the design
period shall be less.
As far as possible the design period should be nearly equal to the materials
used in the water supply work.
Rate if interest on the loans taken to complete the project. If rate of interest
is less, it will be good to keep design period more. But if the interest rate is
very high, the design should be small
Population Forecasting
Methods of forecasting population
Arithmetic increase method
Geometric increase method
Incremental increase method
Decreasing rate method
Simple graphical method
Ratio and correlation
Master plan method
The logistic curve method
a. Arithmetic increase Method
This method is based on the assumption that
the population is increasing at a constant rate
Pn=Po +kn, where Pn=population at n decades or years
n= decades
k=Arithmetic increase
Limitation This method is generally applicable to large
and old cities
b. Geometric increase method
This method is based on the assumption that the percent increase
in population from decade to decade remains constant. In this
method, the average percentage of growth of last few decades is
determined; the population forecasting is done on the basis that
percentage increase per decade will be the same. The method is
expressed as follow
Pn=Po (1+k) n,
where
Po= initial population Pn=population at nth decade or year
n= number of decades
k=percentage (geometric) increase
Limitation This method is generally applicable for growing
cities.
c. Incremental increase method
This method is an improvement over the above two methods. The
average increase in the population is determined by the arithmetic
method and to this is added the average of the net incremental increase
once for each future decade.
d. Decrease Rate of Growth Method
It has been seen that all life grows within limited space. If the complete
growth of a very old city is plotted, it will be seen that the curve has s-
shape, which indicates that early growth takes place at an increasing
rate, later growth is at a decreasing rate, which indicates that saturation
limit is reached. In this method, the average decrease in the percentage
increase is worked out and is then subtracted from the latest percentage
increase for each successive decade. This method is applicable where
the rate of growth of population showed a down ward trend
e. simple graphical method
In this method, the populations of last few decades are correctly plotted
to a suitable scale on the graph with respect to decade. The curve is
smoothly extended to forecast the future population. The graph on
present city is plotters’ from the beginning and it will show the growth
curve.
WATER DEMAND
The demand for various purposes is divided under the following
categories.
Domestic water demand
Commercial water demand and industrial water demand.
Loss due to leaking joints.
Open taps on unauthorized tapping of water.
Fire water demand.
Source of water
All the sources of water can be broadly divided into:
Surfaces sources and
Sub surface sources
1) Surfaces Sources
The surface sources further divided into:
Streams and rivers
Ponds and Lakes
Impounding reservoirs etc
Sub-surface Sources
These are further divided into:
Infiltration galleries
Infiltration wells
Springs
Well
Choice of source of water supply
Factor affecting the choices of the water source for water
supply scheme:
Location
Quantity of water
Quality of water
Cost
Determination of storage capacity of the reservoir
The required reservoir capacity is determined by using
Analytical method
Mass curve
Sequent peak algorithm
Distribution system
GRAVITY OR DIRECT SYSTEM
COMBINED OR DUAL SYSTEM
PUMPING OR INDIRECT SYSTEM
To select the layout of the distribution systems respectively the following
are the requirement of a good distribution system
It should convey the reacted water to the consumers with the same degree of
purity.
The water should reach to every consumer with the required pressure head.
Sufficient quantity of reacted water should reach for the domestic and
industrial use.
The distribution system should be economical and easy to maintain and
operate.
It should be able to transport sufficient quantity of water during emergency
such as fire fighting
During repair work, it should not cause obstruction to the traffic.
It should be safe against any future pollution. The pipe lines as much as
possible should not be laid below the sewer lines.
Fig. 1 GRAVITY SYSTEM
Fig.2 PUMPING SYSTEM
FIG.3 COMBINED GRAVITY & PUMPING SYSTEM
Layout of distribution system
Depending on method of layout of the pipe lines, the distribution systems are
classified as…
• DEAD END OR TREE SYSTEM
• GRID IRON SYSTEM
• CIRCULAR or RING SYSTEM
• RADIAL SYSTEM
Fig.1 Dead end or tree system
Fig.1 Grid iron system
Fig.1 Circle (or) ring system
Fig.2 Radial system
Pump
A pump may be defined as a mechanical device, which
converts the mechanical energy supplied to hydraulic energy,
& transfers the liquid through the pipe line there by increasing
the energy of the flowing liquid. In a water supply works,
pumps are required for the following reasons
To lift water from its sources to an elevated installation;
such as reservoirs, elevated tank,
To lift water from a low water demand area to a high water
demand area,
To lift water to upper floors of multistory buildings,
To supply water under pressure directly to the consumers,
For pumping chemical solutions at treatment plant.
Treatment process
Screening –used to exclude floating mater, it is done just at the
intake.
Aeration – employed where elements causing taste and odor have
to be removed.
Sedimentation and coagulation – in this process suspended
impurities like silt, clay, sand, and some bacteria are removed.
Filtration – employed to remove very fine particles and colloidal
matter which may have escaped from sedimentation
process ,micro-organisms are also removed largely.
Environmental Impact and Assessment
We should consider the impacts during construction and resulted from operation
and maintenance of the system. Therefore, we have tried to discuss the possible
positive and negative impacts and their corresponding mitigation process.
The most common adverse impacts on the environment due to water resource
development projects are
Water borne diseases
Land subsidence
Deforestation in the u/s area of the project(storage area)
Sedimentation of reservoir(cause flooding)
Bird mitigation, wild life destruction
Description of possible impact
Negative Impacts of the Project
The adverse effects could possibly occur due to the
implementation of this project
Flow reduction for irrigation
Adverse effect on d/s habitats(fish)
Obstacle for traffic during construction
Pollution of fresh quality water
Flora fauna
Public disturbance and safety
Air pollution and public health wizard
Loss of land due to the project
Positive Impacts of Project
It saves time energy in collection of
drilling water.
For conveyance of new industries and
factories
Control the problem of water related diseases.
Mitigation of Impacts
Possible Adverse impacts
loss of agricultural and grazing land due to
project
Reduction of flow for irrigation
obstacle of traffic due to construction
Mitigation measures
provides another plot of land to compensate the
losses
Try to use the GW as an alternative source
Proper scheduling of project
Conclusion
The existing water supply system of Gambella
town town cannot afford the rapidly growing
population, hence development of new water
supply system has been found necessary. The
project is designed for design period of 10 year
for two phases
Since the topographic, socio-economic condition
and settlement nature of the town is not favoring
centralized sanitation, decentralized sanitation
system which was assumed to be implemented
in the future. And one treatment plant
recommended for the wastewater treatment
Recommendation
Since the population of Gambella town is increasing
rapidly, it is recommended that water supply project
should be constructed for the population living
surrounding the town at the end of the design period
2034
Design of wastewater treatment plant and appropriate
Site selection have to be done in future since it is not
address in this design project
THE END !
Thank You!!
