Fluid Mechanics

Chapter-One
Introduction
Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics

Fluid dynamics is used

extensively in the design of 3
artificial hearts. Shown here
is the Penn State Electric
Total Artificial Heart.
4
Fluid Mechanics is essential in C hemical Engi neeri ng

because the majority of chemical – processing operations are

conducted either partly or totally in the fluid phase.
Examples of such operations in the Biochemical, chemical
Energy, fermentation, materials, petroleum, pharmaceutical,
polymers and Waste-processing industries.
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INTRODUCTION
Mechanics: The oldest physical
science that deals with both
stationary and moving bodies under
the influence of forces.
Statics: The branch of mechanics
that deals with bodies at rest.
Dynamics: The branch that deals with
bodies in motion.
Fluid mechanics: The science that
deals with the behavior of fluids at
rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid
dynamics), and the interaction of
fluids with solids or other fluids at
the boundaries.
Fluid dynamics: Fluid mechanics is Fluid mechanics deals
also referred to as fluid dynamics by with liquids and gase6
considering fluids at rest as a
special case of motion with zero s in motion or at rest.
velocity.
Hydrodynamics: The study of the motion of fluids
that can be approximated as incompressible (such
as liquids, especially water, and gases at low
speeds).
Hydraulics: A subcategory of hydrodynamics,
which deals with liquid flows in pipes and open
channels.
Gas dynamics: Deals with the flow of fluids that
undergo significant density changes, such as the
flow of gases through nozzles at high speeds.
Aerodynamics: Deals with the flow of gases
(especially air) over bodies such as aircraft, rockets,
and automobiles at high or low speeds.
Meteorology, oceanography, and hydrology: Deal
with naturally occurring flows. 7
 Fluid Mechanics
 The three (common) states or phases of matter are:

1.Solid: Has a definite volume & shape. Maintains it’s own shape & size
(approximately), even under large forces.

2. Liquid: Has a definite volume, but not a definite shape. It takes the shape of it’s
container.

3. Gas: Has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. It expands to fill it’s container.

NOTE! These definitions are some what artificial

– The time it takes a substance to change its shape in response to an external force
determines whether the substance is solid,liquid or gas

 A fluid is a collection of molecules that are randomly arranged & held together by
weak cohesive forces & by forces exerted by the walls of a container.
Intermolecular bonds are strongest in solids and weakest in
gases. Solid: The molecules in a solid are arranged in a pattern
that is repeated throughout.
Liquid: In liquids molecules can rotate and translate freely.
Gas: In the gas phase, the molecules are far apart from each other, and
molecular ordering is nonexistent.

The arrangement of atoms in different phases: (a) molecules are at

relatively fixed positions in a solid, (b) groups of molecules move
about9each other in the liquid phase, and (c) individual molecules move
about at random in the gas phase.
Gas and vapor are often used as synonymous words.
Gas: The vapor phase of a substance is customarily called a gas
when it is above the critical temperature.
Vapor: Usually implies that the current phase is not far from a state
of condensation.

Macroscopic or classical approach:

Does not require a knowledge of the
behavior of individual molecules and
provides a direct and easy way to
analyze engineering problems.
Microscopic or statistical approach:
Based on the average behavior of
large groups of individual molecules.

On a microscopic scale,
pressure is determined by the
interaction of individual gas
molecules. 10

However, we can measure the

pressure on a macroscopic scale
with a pressure gage.
 A fluid is any substance that deforms continuously when
subjected to a shear stress, no matter how small.

 A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously whilst acted

upon by any force tangential to the area on which it acts. Such a force is
termed a shear force, and the ratio of the shear force to the area on
which it acts is known as the shear stress

 The rate at which the fluid deforms continuously depends not only on the
magnitude of the applied force but also on a property of the fluid called its
viscosity or resistance to deformation and flow.
Cont..
Fluid: A substance in the
liquid or gas phase.
A solid can resist an
applied shear stress by
deforming.
A fluid deforms continuously
under the influence of a
shear stress, no matter how
small.
In solids, stress is
proportional to strain, but in Deformation of a rubber block
fluids, stress is proportional placed between two parallel
to strain rate. plates under the influence of a
When a constant shear force shear force. The shear stress
is applied, a solid eventually shown is that on the rubber—an
stops deforming at some fixed equal but opposite shear stress 12
strain angle, whereas a fluid acts on the upper plate.
never stops deforming and
approaches a constant rate of
strain.
In a liquid, groups of molecules can move relative to each other, but
the volume remains relatively constant because of the strong
cohesive forces between the molecules. As a result, a liquid takes the
shape of the container it is in, and it forms a free surface in a larger
container in a gravitational field.
A gas expands until it encounters the walls of the container and fills
the entire available space. This is because the gas molecules are
widely spaced, and the cohesive forces between them are very small.
Unlike liquids, a gas in an open container cannot form a free
surface.

Unlike a liquid, a
gas does not form
a free surface, and
it expands to fill
13
the entire
available space.
Stress: Force per unit area.
Normal stress: The normal
component of a force acting on a
surface per unit area.
Shear stress: The tangential
component of a force acting on a
surface per unit area.
Pressure: The normal stress in a
fluid at rest.
Zero shear stress: A fluid at
rest is at a state of zero shear
stress.
When the walls are removed
or a liquid container is tilted,
moves
a shear todevelops
re-establish a liquid
as the
horizontal free surface.
 1.2 SHEAR STRESS IN A MOVING FLUID

Suppose that in time t a particle at E moves through a distance

x. If E is a distance y from AD then, for small angles,

Where u =x/t is the velocity of the particle at E. Assuming the

Experimental result that shear stress is proportional to shear strain,
then
 Continuum Hypothesis. We can associate with any volume of fluid,
no matter how small (but greater than zero), those macroscopic
properties (e.g., velocity, temperature, etc.) that we associate with the
bulk fluid.
 In simple terms this says that when dealing with fluids we can ignore
the fact that they actually consist of billions of individual molecules (or
atoms) in a rather small region, and instead treat the properties of that
region as if it were a continuum.
 We may treat any fluid property as varying continuously from one
point to the next within the fluid; this clearly would not be possible
without this hypothesis.
 This allows us to identify with each point a “fluid particle,” or “fluid
parcel,” or “fluid element,” (each with possibly its own set of
properties, but which vary in a regular way, at least over short
distances), and then consider the volume of fluid as a whole to be a
continuous aggregation of these fluid particles.
 SURFACE
•T ENSION
What’s happening here?
– Bug is walking on water
• Why is this possible?
– It doesn’t weigh much
– It’s spreading its weight out
– The downward forces are less than
the effects of surface tension
• A molecules in the interior of a liquid is
under attractive force in all direction.
• However, a molecule at the surface of a liquid
is acted on by a net inward cohesive force that
is perpendicular to the surface.
• Hence it requires work to move molecules
to the surface against this opposing force and
surface molecules have more energy than
interior ones
• Higher forces of attraction at surface
Creates a “stretched membrane effect”
SURFACE TENSION: CAPILLARY ACTION
Capillary action in small tubes which involve a liquid-gas-solid
interface is caused by surface tension. The fluid is either drawn
up the tube or pushed down.
“Wetted” “Non-Wetted”

Adhesion

Cohesion
Adhesion
Cohesion

Adhesion > Cohesion Cohesion > Adhesion

h is the height, R is the radius of the tube, q is the angle of contact.

The weight of the fluid is balanced with the vertical force caused by surface
tension.
 1.5 Units and conversion

Solution to numerical and engineering problems becomes

meaningless without units. This incident truly represents the
importance of units. A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of
a physical quantity. The different systems of unit are:
1. SI system: It is the International System of Units(abbreviated SI )
2. CGS system: It is a system of physical units based on centimeter as the unit
of length, gram as a unit of mass, and second as a unit of time.
3. MKS system: It is a metric system of physical units based on meter as the
unit of length, kilogram as a unit of mass, and second as a unit of time.
4. FPS system The foot-pound-second system or FPS system is a system of

units built on the three fundamental units foot for length, pound for either mass
or force and second for time.
Some important units and conversions
Dyne = g cm/s2
1 dyne = 10-5 N
1 pound = 0.453 kg
Pressure: 1 atm = 101.325 kPa, 1 bar = 105 Pa
1 m = 3.28 ft
1 m = 100 cm
1 feet = 30.5 cm
1 feet = 12 inch
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 km = 0.621 miles
1 ha = 2.47 acre
1 acre = 4 046.85 m2
1 litre = 0.264 gallon
 1.6 Types of fluid
Ideal Fluid: Ideal fluid is one which has no property other than density. Such fluids have no
viscosity, no surface tension and are incompressible. When such fluid flows, no resistance is
encountered. Ideal fluid is imaginary fluid as all the fluids have some viscosity.

Real Fluid: The fluids which have viscosity, surface tension in addition to density. All the
fluids have these properties whether large or small. The fluids can also be classified in the
following manner:

Newtonian Fluids: Fluids which follow Newton’s Law of viscosity are called Newtonian
fluid.

Non-Newtonian Fluids: Fluids which do not obey Newton’s law of viscosity are called non-
Newtonian fluids.
Thank you!