WCDMA RAN Optimisation

Drive Test – RF Optimisation

Kirsi Teräväinen
26.08.2014

Latest version can be found: https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Overview/D494523987

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© Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
NPO
Introduction

This is basic drive test RF optimisation material, covering

• RF verification and optimisation.
• New Site integration
• Neighbour List verification

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Content

Introduction
Tools
RF Verification
RF Optimisation
New Site Integration
Neighbour List verification

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Introduction to RF Optimisation

Study Prediction with Planning tool:

• Is there a need for Model Tuning

Make RF Scanning & Verification to look at:

• Dominance
• DL coverage
• Quality
• Pilot Pollution
Make RF Optimisation to:
• UL Coverage
• Improve coverage areas and sharpen
dominance areas
• Optimise SHO area
• Eliminate Pilot Pollution
Make Neighbour list Verification

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Initial Optimisation

• Initial RF optimisation is typically done when network is build and integrated but there is no commercial
traffic
• RF verification and optimisation are also needed when new sites are integrated to the network
• RF Optimization is required in the areas having poor or weak dominance
• Physical change of antenna tilt, azimuth, type and height based on scanner data
• Neighbour list (scrambling code) verification is done based on scanner data
• Including GSM/EDGE neighbours
• Make Call Performance KPI Verification with logging tool
• AMR Call setup success rate (CSSR)
• AMR Call drop rate (DCR)
• Call Setup Time (CST)

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Content

Introduction
Tools
RF Verification
RF Optimisation
New Site Integration
Neighbour List verification

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Tools

• For RF optimisation and neighbour verification both Scanner (3G & 2G) and UE measurements are required
simultaneously
• Post-Processing tool is required for data analysis
• Individual call failures or drops can be analysed with drive test tools (e.g. Nemo Outdoor) but to get bigger
picture, a proper analysis tool is required
• Actix or Nemo Analyzer can be used for:
- Data analysis
- Create Maps
- Create KPI reports
• NetAct Planner can be used to verify the proposed coverage
optimisation solution e.g. Antenna tilting or Panning

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 Measured CPICH RSCP compared to tool prediction

• To get an accurate view of Coverage and

Quality on the ground then Field
Measurements with Scanner and UE are
required
• Generally, simulation result is not too far
from actual field result
Drive
RSCP scanner Measurements above route
predicted values
=> prediction bit pessimistic

Model tuning adapted from other

project (low effort) => error !

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Content

Introduction
Tools
RF Verification
RF Optimisation
New Site Integration
Neighbour List verification

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RF verification

Make RF Scanning & Verification to look at:

• Dominance
- Verify Scrambling Code Dominance (crossed feeders, etc.)
• DL coverage (RSCP)
• Ec/No quality
- Pilot Pollution and Missing Neighbours
• UL coverage
• Handover performance

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 Dominance verification

First task is to overlay the cells

dominance area to check that the
coverage areas of the cells are
clear, all sites are “on air” and
there are no cross feeders

Missing Site –
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No dominance
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 Coverage verification (1/3)

• If lack of coverage is indicated then coverage

enhancement is required
- Has excessive tilting been used?
- Is up-tilting or an Panning the antenna an option for
some cells?

• For initial roll out stages (low traffic) increasing the P-

CPICH power is an option
- The feasibility will depend upon the margins in the
link budget

Poor coverage during

Pre-Optimisation & Acceptance due the
missing site

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Coverage verification (2/3)

• What impact will any planned sites (if any) have on Planned Site

the overall performance?

• A study of UE logs for the area should provide an

indication of the number of failed setups/calls that
would have been prevented if a planned site was
available Planned Site

• Failures due to missing sites needs to be estimated and Planned Site

this information should be communicated to the

operator
- It may be possible to influence the roll out schedule Planned Site

based on this information

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Coverage verification (3/3)

CPICH_SCAN_RSCP_for SC X overlay plotted out for all three sectors of a site showing the coverage for each
sector
• Gives a good indication if a sector is radiating/overshooting too far and may need down tilt
Scan RSCP for SC 282 Scan RSCP for SC 280 Scan RSCP for SC 281
280
281

282

280 281

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Hardware and databuild issues verification

Plotting RSCP of each SC highlights any hardware or databuild issues where the coverage area of the cell is
different to the planned coverage
• This will include swapped feeders, incorrect azimuths/tilts or incorrect scrambling codes assigned to the cell
Sector B - SC161 Sector C - SC162

No measurements
No measurements
SC161 and SC162 in vicinity of sector C
Tx from same sector (SC = 162)
Crossed feeders can occur at:
• Antenna
• Input to BTS
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RSCP verification

Check that the RSCP levels for the

area meet the target thresholds for the
service and environment (clutter,
building loss)

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Ec/No quality

Identify areas of poor quality

•Identify excessive polluters (overshooting cells)
•Recommend physical optimisation
• downtilts and panning
•Implement changes
•Success criteria:
• improved quality
• no reduction in coverage

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Ec/No verification

If coverage is acceptable then check for area Poor coverage areas can still
have good Ec/No if there is
of poor EcNo in the area dominating server

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Pilot Pollution (1/4)
Analysis

Pilot pollution areas can be shown with

Scanner Pilot Pollution query with
user defined RSCP and EcNo levels

(CPICH_SCAN_EcNo_Sorted_By_EcNo (0)<-12) AND

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Pilot Pollution (2/4)
Analysis

Pilot polluter workbook

shows the worst
polluters in the area e.g.
SC 344 have most of
the samples

SC 344 displayed
over pilot pollution

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 Pilot Pollution (3/4)
Example

Scanner sees 5 SC’s,

all within 5 dB of
Looking at the dashed lines each other
to the cells serving at this
point we can see that there
are several cells (SCs 136,
496, 272) which are not
particularly close to the
point in question and are
candidates for downtilting

This is clearly
area suffering
from pilot RSCP is good -91 dBm,
pollution EcNo is bad -10 dB
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 Pilot Pollution (4/4)
Example

SC 272 is the furthest away these sites and

is joint second best server
- This site is clearly radiating much
too far and is a definite candidate for
down-tilting
- By removing scrambling codes
within 5 dB of the best server, we
can improve the best server’s Ec/Io

SC 272

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 UL coverage verification

By using UE together with Scanner

during testing we can check the
UEs transmit power for problem
areas where UE cannot maintain
the link quality

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Content

Introduction
Tools
RF Verification
RF Optimisation
New Site Integration
Neighbour List verification

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 Scanner and UE drive logs Data Flow analysis

Coverage target Compare scanner measurements with

agreed with planned quality and coverage thresholds Possible Actions/Solutions
1. Antenna Tilting
customer 2. Antenna Panning
3. Change Antenna Type
4. Change Antenna Height
CPICH RSCP =>
No planned threshold
5. Change CPICH Tx Pwr
Currently X = Max AS 6. (Add sites)
Low CPICH e.g. -90 dBm
size = 3
Ec
Yes
A Yes
CPICH Ec/No => No amount of Scrambling
planned threshold e.g.
-12 dBm Codes > X
Ec/No target agreed
with customer &
Yes
Pilot
depends service mix No Pollution
A
No Dominance Area OK Aggregated to Peak
> 3 dB Yes
A Bad Ec/Io No Multi-path
Yes A
Problem
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A
Planning Criteria

• Compare scanner measurements with planned quality and coverage thresholds agreed with
Customer
• The initial planned link budgets should be referred to in order to measure how well the coverage
and quality criteria is met
• When adapting link budgets to show measured value on the ground then its important to
remember that Slow fade margin should be removed as this is implicit in the actual measurement

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RF Performance Measurements (1/2)

Distribution of RSCP and Ec/No

• Distribution of RSCP and Ec/No for Problem A5-1 Distribution of Best Server RSCP and Ec/No (First Drive)

Area: Dotted distribution -30

of measured CPICH RSCP and Ec/No profiles -25

12.61% 14.51%
for problem area -20

• This plot is very useful for compare the -15

network improvement achieved

Ec/No (dB)
-10

in 2nd drive test with that of 1st drive test -9.7

-5

71.55% 1.34%
0

-92
5
-30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 -130

RSCP (dBm)

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RF Performance Measurements (2/2)
Scanner

Urban DL Suburb DL Rural DL Urban DL Qual Sub DL Qual > Rural DL Qual <= 3 SHO
Coverage Coverage Coverage > -89.5 dBm 95.8 dBm > -100.8dBm servers >1
in 7dB

RSCP >= - RSCP >= -95.8 RSCP >= - Ec/Io >= -9dB Ec/Io >= -9dB Ec/Io >= -9dB
89.5dBm dBm 100.8dBm
95.7 99.0 99.8 73.3 71.3 70.7 88.3 66.7

• Measured statistics indicate that area has

RSCP
sufficient coverage but has relatively poor
Quality

-70 • Scatter plot

– Planned Ec/No and RSCP target bisect
the plot
Ec/No – A significant number of measurement are
-10 -6 -2
-110 poor quality
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EcNo vs. RSCP - Nemo Analyze example 1

• Good quality network with wide coverage

• 57% of samples with EcNo > -10dB, RSCP > -95dBm

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EcNo vs. RSCP - Nemo Analyze example 2

• Network with coverage issues

• 31% of samples with RSCP < -95dBm (EcNo > -10dB)

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EcNo vs. RSCP - Nemo Analyze example 3

• HSDPA traffic, lower quality, probably due to load/interference

• 58,4% of samples with EcNo < -10dB (RSCP > -95dBm)

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RF Optimisation (1/3)

• Check if the cause of call setup failure is CPICH RSCP and Ec/No coverage problem
• The received best server’s CPICH RSCP and Ec/No will be compared to the coverage thresholds
at the location where call setup failed and if best server’s CPICH RSCP OR Ec/No is less than the
thresholds, coverage optimisation will be performed
• The thresholds of CPICH RSCP and Ec/No depend on UE’s sensitivity:
- CPICH RSCP coverage threshold = -110 dBm
- CPICH Ec/No coverage threshold = -16 dB
• Simulation using NetAct Planner will be used to verify the proposed coverage optimisation
solution e.g. Antenna tilting or Panning

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 RF Optimisation (2/3)
UE Measurements KPI Route CSF Causes

8.33% 8.33%
8.33%

• To better understand the failure mechanisms that contribute to RF Issue : Interference

radio failure as measured with network statistics System Issue :NodeB

UE Issue
• Categorise the failure causes for Call Setup and drop call Unknown

performance
- Drop Call analysis shows that significant proportion of 75.00%

Interference failures is due the missing neighbour

- Analysis also confirms that conclusion derived from the KPI Route Call Drop Causes

scanner data that DL interference is major contributing factor 29.63%

3.70%
22.22% RF Issue : Interference

to failure on the radio Interface AS Update Failure :

Cause unknown
Unknown

UE Issue

11.11% Missing neighbor

18.52% RF Issue : Coverage

14.81%

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RF Optimisation (3/3)

Tuning methods for Tuning methods for

High Priority
Coverage Problem Area Dominance Problem Area
• Up-tilting of serving cell’s antenna to extend • Down-tilting of interfering cells’ antenna,
coverage radius and to improve unsatisfied which generate pilot pollution
coverage area • Change CPICH Tx Power: Increase serving
• Increase CPICH Tx Power of serving cell cell’s Tx power but decrease interfering cell’s
• Change Antenna Bearing Angle: Focus the Tx power
main beam of antenna to coverage holes and • Change antenna bearing angles of cells
low RSCP area involved in pilot pollution
• Change Antenna Pattern: Displace with higher • Change antenna patterns of cells involved in
gain antenna with adequate antenna tilting pilot pollution. Smaller gains for interfering
• Increase serving cell’s antenna height to get cells and higher gain for victim cell
higher effective antenna gain but there is risk • Decrease antenna height of interfering cells
to make undesirable inter-cell interference to and increase antenna height of victim cell with
adjacent cells adequate tilting angle

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Physical Optimisation
Antenna changes

• Antenna tilting (or panning) is needed mainly if:

- There is too much interference created by a site covering too much (overshooting)
- There is lack of coverage or dominance
• One should carefully consider the tilt type
- Electrical or mechanical (both have advantages and disadvantages)
• Antenna tilting should be followed by another round of drive-tests in order to evaluate the impact
• Multiple antenna tilt or azimuth changes in the same time, in the same area should be avoided
• Decisions must be made based on scanner measurements
- UE measurements can be also used, but they can sometimes lead to wrong results, for example in case of
missing neighbours
• Tilt changes include both down- and up-tilting

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 Electrical vs. Mechanical tilting

• Mechanical
• The downtilt angle varies over the horizontal beamwidth
– Patterns measured ±90° from the centre of the beam have
decreasing tilt angle until there is no tilt 90° from the main
beam
• The horizontal half-power beamwidth increases with greater
downtilt angle
• The resulting gain reduction depends on azimuth direction
• Electrical
• There is uniform downtilt over the whole azimuth range
• The horizontal half-power beamwidth is independent of the
downtilt angle
• There is identical gain reduction in all azimuth directions

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 Mechanical tilt

•Mechanical Tilt require Site Visit

•No “real“ maximum tilt angle
•Mechanical downtilt causes deformation in the horizontal
pattern

Mechanical
Down tilt kit

Deformation of the
horizontal pattern

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Electrical tilt

• The Adjustable EDT antennas can be adjusted manually or remotely

• Phase shifters provides variable phase distribution which in turn keeps the pattern shape constant
• Maximum Adjustable EDT range approx. 0-14° (normally 0-8°)
• For a higher downtilt angle a combination of the Mechanical DT and the Adjustable EDT is recommended

Manual Remote
use use

Horizontal pattern
remains constant
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Antenna tilt example (1/3)
Uptilt from -6° to -4°
Before After

Impact
on Ec/No
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 Antenna tilt example (2/3)
-1° EDT – Overshooting Cell

No dominant Server
Before After
in the area due the
missing site JS9218

Site JS9125 (SC28) from cluster 5 is Site JS9125 (SC28) was tilted by 1 deg
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and Networks 2014 to cluster 1 (E-tilt From 4 deg to 5 deg)
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Antenna tilt example (3/3)
-2° EDT

After antenna tilting, new drive-test should be performed in order to verify changes
Negative
changes
Before After

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Content

Introduction
Tools
RF Verification
RF Optimisation
New Site Integration
Neighbour List verification

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New site integration (1/2)

• New sites should be integrated without degrading the performance of existing sites
• It is possible that after driving the new and surrounding site, both will require RF optimisation (tilting,
panning)

Use Both Scanner and UE (Voice Call)

Measurements to check
– Cross Feeders
– External interference
– SHO functionality

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 New site integration (2/2)

Different strategies can be used:

• Integrate new sites on different frequency if possible
This option does not give us right
- Define intra-site neighbours
information about network situation
- Drive new site and analyse
(Ec/No, etc.)
- Apply necessary tilts to new
and surrounding sites
- Add all Missing Neighbours
=> Turn Site on with correct frequency
• Integrate new site on SAME frequency during low traffic period (Night Time)
- Define neighbours
- Turn site “on” during nigh time only
- Drive new site and analyse
- Apply necessary tilts to new and
surrounding sites This option require possibilities to
- Add all Missing neighbours use drive test team during night time
=> Turn Site on (cost issue)
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Content

Introduction
Tools
RF Verification
RF Optimisation
New Site Integration
Neighbour List verification

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Neighbour list verification

• Neighbour definitions required by cell re-selection and handover

• Soft handovers are based upon intra-frequency neighbour list
• Hard handovers are based upon either intra-frequency (Between RNCs without Iur or Iur congestion) , inter-frequency
(IFHO) or inter-system (ISHO) neighbour lists

Intra-Frequency Inter-Frequency Inter-System

Neighbors Neighbors Neighbors
Neighbour list length related
issues are discussed more in Cell a Cell k Cell r
detail 3G network planning guide Cell b Cell l Cell s
Cell c Cell m Cell t
Cell d Cell n Cell u
Cell e Cell o Cell v

• Each neighbour has a set of associated parameters e.g. CPICH measurement offset
• The post processing tool should be able to suggest appropriate neighbour lists
• Strategy for initial system deployment is to place the emphasis upon adding neighbours rather than removing them

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SIB11/12 - Intra-frequency neighbouring cells info Example

Scrambling codes of
neighbours
and information
about thresholds

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SIB11/12 - Inter-RAT neighbouring cells info Example

2G neighbours
and information like BSIC
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Neighbour list verification type of approaches

There are a number of approaches that can be used to both plan and verify the neighbour plan
Neighbour Neighbour
Creation Verification
Neighbour
Manual Check Analytical
Creation
Planning Tool

Other

Manual Check

Drive Testing

Measured

Network Stats

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Analytical neighbour list planning and verification

• Analytical Neighbour Planning methods are traditionally used to generate original neighbour lists but they
can also be used for verification and new site addition

• Planning Tools – use coverage arrays and handover parameter data to determine required neighbour relations

• Other desk top tools can be based on:

- Site coordinate data
- Cell azimuth data
- Cell coverage distance estimations
- Antenna beam widths

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Manual neighbour list verification

• Cell in blue had nine 3G neighbours

defined – highlighted in green on
map
• 6 missing neighbours were identified
for this site and added – Manual
Check would have identified at least
5

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Drive test neighbour list verification

Process start with Drive Test

High Level Process

Record drive test results

Start with Scanner in ‘TOP N’
mode

Input Data Source

CPICH Scrambling code Ec/Io Scanner
Measurement position Scanner
Cell ID, cell position, cell azimuth Planning Tool
Cell scrambling code Radio Design
Cell neighbour list Planning Tool
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Neighbour list verification in Actix (1/3)

• Part automatic and part manual neighbour list analysis

• Analysis within a tool such as Actix Analyzer is automatic and numerical
• Analysis requires the definition of a neighbour window which is applied to the CPICH Ec/Io measurements
• Recommended to set the neighbour window as 10 dB (drop window + margin)

Strongest Neighbours
Ec/Io
Ec/Io reported when High Level Process
within this range
Record drive test results with
Start
Scanner in ‘TOP N’ mode
Neighbour
Window
Analysis (within Actix Finish
Analyzer)

Time
SC Site Sector Num Of Samples Suggested NBR Additions
216 Ewer Park Stud 00161126C 97 85 (47.4%); 303 (17.5%)
349 Reading Rubgy FC 00179719B2 97 351 (28.9%)
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83 and Networks
© Nokia Solutions 2014 ATE 00001085A 96 350 (34.4%); 84 (25.0%)
Confidential 436 TILEHURST ATE 00001081B 90 434 (22.2%); 283 (22.2%)
Numerical Analysis
 Neighbour list verification in Actix (2/3)
Start
• Analysis provided by the post processing tool:
Run
Run Actix
Actix Analyzer
– Consider adding neighbours reported by the Analyzer
Routine
Routine
tool
– If neighbour list is full then consider Is
No Is the
the
replacing some of the existing neighbours Neighbour
Neighbour
List
List full?
full?

Yes
Consider
Consider adding
adding
• Do not remove existing neighbours without suggested
suggested
neighbours
neighbours
further investigation Consider
Consider
replacing
replacing existing
existing
neighbours
neighbours byby
those
those suggested
suggested
by
by the tool
the tool

Progress to
further additions
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 Neighbour list verification in Actix (3/3)
Example for Reading Central (SC 280)
% Scrambling Code Samples

• Analysis output generated by 40.00

Actix Analyzer 35.00

30.00

– Bar chart 25.00

% of Samples
– List 20.00

33.90
15.00

18.50
10.00

13.80

9.40
5.00

3.90

3.10

2.00

1.20

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00
422 423 420 283 282 286 348 177
Neighbour Scram bling Code

SC Site Sector Num Of Samples Suggested NBR Additions

216 Ewer Park Stud 00161126C 97 85 (47.4%); 303 (17.5%)
349 Reading Rubgy FC 00179719B2 97 351 (28.9%)
83 WOODLEY ATE 00001085A 96 350 (34.4%); 84 (25.0%)
436 TILEHURST ATE 00001081B 90 434 (22.2%); 283 (22.2%)

Current NBR List (From CellRef File) NBR Not Seen

{}
{} 404 (0.1%); 287 (0.1%); 286 (0.1%)
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Subsequent manual tuning of neighbour list
Continue

As a minimum define the neighbour list has: Add

Add Complete
Complete visual
visual
o All cells belonging to that site neighbours
neighbours inspection
inspection of
of
neighbour list
neighbour list
o The first perimeter of cells

Does
Does list
list include
include
all
all cells
cells belonging
belonging
No
Cell for which to
to that
that site
site and
and
the neighbour the first perimeter
the first perimeter
list is being of
of cells
cells
defined
Yes

Add
Add any
any other
other
Neighbours neighbours
neighbours which
which
may
may improve
improve
coverage
coverage

Finish
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Summary

Summary
• Dominance, Coverage, are all issues for RF optimisation
• There are a range of tools that can be used to identify network problems
• Automated optimisation tools have been developed to help with RF optimisation
• Neighbour management is key for good RF performance

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