Programming I (in C++)
Chapter 1:
Introduction
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Outline of Topics
◦ What is computer programming?
◦ Why study programming?
◦ Types of programming languages
◦ Programming paradigms
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1.1. What is Computer Programming?
Recall …
Software Categories (from introductory
courses …)
System Software
◦ Programs written for computer systems
Compilers, operating systems, …
Application Software
◦ Programs written for computer users
Word-processors, spreadsheets, & other
application packages
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1.1. What is Computer Programming?
A Layered View of the Computer
Application Programs
Word-Processors, Spreadsheets,
Database Software, IDEs,
etc…
System Software
Compilers, Interpreters,
Preprocessors, etc.
Operating System, Device Drivers
Machine with all its hardware
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1.1. What is Computer Programming?
Operating System (OS)
· Provides several essential services:
◦ Loading & running application programs
◦ Allocating memory & processor time
◦ Providing input & output facilities
◦ Managing files of information
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1.1. What is Computer Programming?
Computer Program:
Series of instructions to a computer to
accomplish a task.
◦ Instructions must be written in a way the
computer can understand.
Programs are written in programming
languages
◦ Pieces of the same program can be written in
different Programming Languages
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1.1. What is Computer Programming?
Programming languages are used to write
programs. E.g. Java, C, C++, …
A Programming Language is
◦ A special purpose and limited language
◦ A set of rules and symbols used to construct
a computer program
◦ A language used to interact with the
computer
Programmer: A person who writes computer
programs.
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1.2. Why study Programming?
Increased capacity to express programming
concepts
Improved background for choosing
appropriate languages
Increased ability to learn new languages
Understanding the significance of
implementation
Increased ability to design new languages
Overall advancement of computing
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1.3. Types of Programming Languages
Three types of programming languages
A) Machine languages
The representation of a computer program which is
actually read and understood by the computer.
◦ A program in machine code consists of a sequence
of machine instructions.
Instructions:
◦ Machine instructions are in binary code
◦ Instructions specify operations and memory cells
involved in the operation.
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1.3. Types of Programming Languages
Three types of programming languages
A) Machine languages
• Use binary code
• Machine-dependent
• Not portable
Example:
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1.3. Types of Programming Languages
Three types of programming languages
B) Assembly languages
A symbolic representation of the machine
language of a specific processor.
Is converted to machine code by an assembler.
Usually, each line of assembly code produces one
machine instruction (One-to-one correspondence).
Programming in assembly language is slow
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1.3. Types of Programming Languages
Three types of programming languages
B) Assembly languages
Error-prone but is more efficient in terms of
hardware performance.
Mnemonic representation of the instructions and
data
Example:
Load Price
Add Tax
Store Cost
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1.3. Types of Programming Languages
Three types of programming languages
B) Assembly languages
Use mnemonics
Machine-dependent
Not usually portable
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1.3. Types of Programming Languages
Three types of programming languages
C) High-level languages
A programming language which use
statements consisting of English-like keywords
such as "FOR", "PRINT" or “IF“, ... etc.
Each statement corresponds to several
machine language instructions (one-to-many
correspondence).
Much easier to program than in assembly
language.
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1.3. Types of Programming Languages
Three types of programming languages
C) High-level languages
Data are referenced using descriptive names
Operations can be described using familiar
symbols
Example:
Cost := Price + Tax
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1.3. Types of Programming Languages
Three types of programming languages
C) High-level languages
Use mathematical notations (translated via
compilers)
Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay
Interpreter – Executes high level language
programs without compilation.
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1.3. Types of Programming Languages
Three types of programming languages
C) High-level languages
Uses English-like language
Machine-independent
Portable (but must be compiled for different
platforms)
Examples:
Pascal, C, C++, Java, Fortran, ..
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1.4. Programming Paradigms
Programming paradigms are the result of
people’s ideas (thoughts!) about how programs
should be constructed.
Major classes of paradigms
A) Imperative (also called Structured or
Procedural) Programming
consists of actions to effect state change, principally
through assignment operations or side effects.
◦ Fortran, Algol, Cobol, PL/I, Pascal, Modula-2, Ada,
C
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1.4. Programming Paradigms
B) Functional Programming
Focuses on function evaluation; avoids
updates, assignment, mutable state, side
effects
Example: LISP, ML, Haskell
C) Object-Oriented Programming
Is based on real world objects that embed
both data and operations.
Example: SmallTalk, C++, Java
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1.4. Programming Paradigms
Which paradigm to choose?
Depends on the problem and the application
domain at hand …
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1.4. Programming Paradigms
Characteristics of a good Programming Language
A good computer program should have following
characteristics:
Simplicity: Should be easier to learn and understand.
Portability: refers to the ability of an application to run on
different platforms (operating systems) with or without
minimal changes.
Readability: The program should be written in such a way
that it makes other programmers or users to follow the logic
of the program without much effort.
Efficiency: it utilizes the least amount of memory and
processing time.
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1.4. Programming Paradigms
Characteristics of a good Programming Language
Structural: If a program is developed structurally, it becomes
more readable, and the testing and documentation process also
gets easier.
Flexibility: A program should be flexible enough to handle
most of the changes without having to rewrite the entire
program.
Generality: if a program is developed for a particular task,
then it should also be used for all similar tasks of the same
domain.
Documentation: A well-documented application is useful for
further modification and change and to other programmers
because even in the absence of the author, they can understand
it.
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CYP:
- What is Programming?
- Why study programming?
- List and describe the types of programming
languages, and their pros and cons.
- List and describe the major programming
paradigms.
- Discuss the various characteristics of a good
programming language.
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Student Resources
Password: program12345
- Lecture Notes
- Exercises
- Reference materials
- Useful links to the web …
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Next class …
- Algorithms
- Translation to Pseudocode and Flowcharts
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