READING AND WRITING

SKILLS

FARAH J. JUDAYA
 subject
Giving of teacher
expectations students
Learning
competency: Compare and
contrast patterns of
written texts across
disciplines
Objectives: 1. identify and explain the pattern of
development in writing of the specific text;
2. write a paragraph of a specific pattern;
and
3. make a video presentation of the
assigned pattern.
 Review: Graphic Organizers
 I. 1-2 types of Brainstorming
 1. listing ideas about a particular topic
 2. put the idea or question at the center
 3-5 Techniques in brainstorming
 6-9 Ground Rules for Brainstorming
 II. Graphic Organizers
 1. used to compare and contrast ideas and events
 2. used to better understand the causal relationship of a complex phenomenon
 3. used to investigate and enumerate various aspects of a central idea, which could be
a concept, topic, or theme
 4. used to represent hierarchy, classification, and branching
 Review: Graphic Organizers
 5. used to map out arguments and evidence that prove a viewpoint
 6. used to show the logical sequence of events
 7. displays the nature of the problem and how it can be solved
 8. a tool to map events in a story
 9. used to show how events occurred chronologically through a long bar labeled with
dates and specific events
 10. describes how a series of events interact to produce a set of results repeatedly.
 Review: Graphic Organizers
 I. 1-2 types of Brainstorming
 1. Creating an idea list – listing ideas about a particular topic
 2. Creating an idea map – put the idea or question at the center
 3-5 Techniques in brainstorming
 3. Guided group brainstorming
 4. Nominal Group technique
 5. Group passing technique
 6-10 Ground Rules for Brainstorming
 6. Go for quantity 8. Welcome crazy ideas
 7. Build on other people’s ideas 9. Withhold criticism
 Review: Graphic Organizers
 II. Graphic Organizers
 1. Venn diagram –used to compare and contrast ideas and events
 2. Fishbone map – used to better understand the causal relationship of a complex
phenomenon
 3. Spider map – used to investigate and enumerate various aspects of a central idea, which could
be a concept, topic, or theme
 4. Network tree – used to represent hierarchy, classification, and branching
 5. Persuasion map – used to map out arguments and evidence that prove a viewpoint
 Review: Graphic Organizers
 II. Graphic Organizers
 6. Series of events chain – used to show the logical sequence of events
 7. Problem-Solution map – displays the nature of the problem and how it can be solved
 8. Plot diagram – a tool to map events in a story
 9. Timeline – used to show how events occurred chronologically through a long bar labeled with
dates and specific events
 10. Cycle – describes how a series of events interact to produce a set of results repeatedly
  Ideas and information, however, can be
arranged logically in writing based on a
React: certain a pattern of development.
 These patterns of developing ideas will
help writers to recognize important details
to be included in writing so that ideas will
flow naturally. This way, written texts are
clearer and easier to understand.
  logical arrangement of ideas
Pattern  helps you follow ideas easily and understand a text better.
 Having the ability to recognize it will help you distinguish major
of details from minor ones and predict ideas.
Development:  There are different patterns by which ideas are developed. To
know the pattern of ideas in a text, note the signal words used.
 The signal words help you identify the patten of development, but
it is more important to understand the meaning of the text.
Identifythe pattern of
development of the
given text.
 Sunset
 Sunset is the time of day when our sky meets
the outer space solar winds. There are blue, pink,
and purple swirls, spinning and twisting, like clouds
of balloons caught in a blender. The sun moves
slowly to hide behind the line of horizon, while the
moon races to take its place in prominence atop the
night sky. People slow to a crawl, entranced, fully
forgetting the deeds that still must be done. There is
a coolness, a calmness, when the sun does set.
 Apollo 11 space mission
 It was July 21, 1969, and Neil Armstrong awoke with
a start. It was the day he would become the first human
being to ever walk on the moon. The journey had begun
several days earlier, when on July 16th, the Apollo 11
launched from Earth headed into outer space. On board
with Neil Armstrong were Michael Collins and Buzz
Aldrin. The crew landed on the moon in the Sea of
Tranquility a day before the actual walk. Upon Neil’s first
step onto the moon’s surface, he declared, “That’s one
small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” It sure
was!
 How Parańaque Got Its Name
 Old Legends are like vintage wine. The passing of the years merely adds to their flavour.
Parańaque, the largest town of Rizal, has a beautiful legend about how the town was named.
When the Philippines was conquered by the Spaniards, some soldiers riding a horse-drawn
carriage asked to be taken to a certain place. However, the coachman did not understand the
Spanish soldier’s pronunciation. When they arrived, one of the soldiers said, “Para aqui, Para
aqui” meaning, “Stop here, stop here.” The coachman did not understand and kept going
whereas the soldier also repeated his instruction, “Para aqui, Para aqui”. The coachman left the
carriage and told the townspeople that, “These Spaniards are repeatedly saying para aniya ake…
para aniya ake” to which the townspeople just laughed. The incident circulated and was
repeated around for days and the term Para Aniya Ake stuck.
 Jack Collins
 Jack Collins is the most amazing person I have ever met.
He came to my school and talked about his difficult life in
prison. He was in prison for 15 years. He made a lot of
mistakes when he was young, but now he has changed his life.
He saw a lot of violence in prison, so he uses his experience to
help secondary school students. Jack is tall and strong. He also
looks a little scary because he has some spider tattoos. The
thing I remember most is his sensitive personality. He really
wants to help young people. I’ve never met anyone like Jack
before. (From: Paragraph Writing by Zemach, D.E. and
Islam C.)
 My Mother’s Kitchen
 My Mother’s Kitchen is not big but it is warm and
comfortable. My mother cooks a lot and it smells
spicy and sweet. Sometimes she taught my brother
and me how to cook. We liked learning new things,
working together and making delicious foods. Now I
live far away, but I often think of my mother’s
kitchen. (From: Paragraph Writing by Zemach, D.E.
and Islam C.)
 Worst Day
 My father’s name is Robert Oeleis, he died on Aug 28th 2003 of a heart attack. It
was about six in the morning I was sleeping restlessly and the phone rang and I missed it
then it rang again. I saw it was my father’s house calling to get me up for the first day of
school. To my surprise it was my stepmother crying on the other line. This was the start of
the worst day of my life in the short seventeen years I had been alive. She proceeded to
tell me that my father has had a heart attack and the ambulance had come and got him.
Then the horror began I asked he’s ok right he’s going to be ok. With sorrow in her voice
she said Jace he’s dead. Know I started crying and disbelief and ran to my mom’s room
screaming and yelling. Later my family gathered and remembered the day that I recall as
the worst day of my life. © Jace Oeleis
Narrative Writing
 1. Narration
 In writing or speech, narration is the process of recounting a sequence of events, real
or imagined. Also called storytelling.

PURPOSE LANGUAGE FEATURES

To entertain, instruct or inform the reader by
telling a story When writing a narrative you should:
E.g. • Use verbs
• A narrative about a painting • Use time connectives to show order
• A narrative about the life of the peasants in • Use descriptive language
Medieval Europe • Use proper nouns (e.g. Character Names)
• A narrative featuring a hero and a villain
 Narration
STRUCTURE
COMPONENT EXPLANATION EXAMPLE

Gives the reader information about who was It was a dark and stormy night, two figures
Orientation involved, what happened, where it happened and dressed in black walked swiftly along the
when it occurred. road. The village clock struck midnight.

A series of paragraphs that move through three Suddenly they were bathed in a bright light.
stages: Coming from directly above...
Body 1. Complication Their first reaction was...
2. Series of events that move to a climax Then...
3. Resolution or temporary resolution After their experiences...

Tells how the characters have changed and exactly These two men would never be the same
Coda (optional)
what they learnt from the experience. again...
Descriptive Writing
 2. Description
 In composition, description is a rhetorical strategy using sensory details to portray a
person, place, or thing.

PURPOSE LANGUAGE FEATURES

To describe the characteristic features of a

When writing a narrative you should:
person, an object, an image or a place.
• Use descriptive language
E.g.
• Use technical language
• The types and features of angles.
• Use the present tense
• Yourself, your family and your community
 Description
STRUCTURE
COMPONENT EXPLANATION EXAMPLE

General statement or definition to identify the Angles can be seen in two-dimensional and
Opening Statement
person or thing being described. three-dimensional shapes...

A triangle has three sides and three angles...

Quadrilaterals have four sides and four
A series of sentences/paragraphs that describe
Body angles...
the characteristic features of the person or thing.
Polygons have many sides and the same
number of angles...

A statement that summarizes the description An angle is made of two arms, which meet at
Concluding Comment
(where applicable) a point called the vertex.
 2. Description:

A descriptive pattern basically provides details

on the idea by using either a sensory or spatial
pattern. Through a sensory pattern, ideas are
arranged based on one or all of the five senses.
A spatial pattern, on the other hand, arranges
ideas bylocation or physical space.
 Signal Words for Description (Sensory and Spatial):

above around between in front of onto

across inside beyond away from by outside
near back of opposite to over
against into behind adjacent to down

beneath on here alongside

to the right
 3. Sample Text for Description:

A laptop is one of the greatest inventions of the modern era. It is a lightweight device that
can save a vast amount of information. The screen, touchpad, speakers, keyboard, battery,
and AC adapter are the basic parts of a laptop. The most noticeable part of a laptop is its
screen, which is responsible for displaying information. Another major component is the
keyboard. On it are keys needed to enter data into the computer. Near the keyboard you will
find a smooth, rectangular surface which acts like a desktop computer mouse – this is the
touchpad. At the bottom part of this rectangular surface, you will see buttons that operate
like a mouse button. Below the keyboard and touchpad, built into the laptop itself are the
speakers which allow you to hear sounds and music. Found at the back of the keyboard is the
battery; it serves as the lifeline of the computer. Finally, a laptop also comes with an AC
adapter which charges the battery and serves as the source of electric power when it is
plugged in.
Main Idea: _____________________________Signal words: ___________________________
  Using definition to develop an idea helps to
3. clarify and explain concepts by answering
the question “What does it mean?”
Definition:  This pattern explains the information using
illustrations, examples, and descriptions.
 It may also include one or more different
patterns.
 Signal Words for Definition
3. is defined as
Definition: means
to define
as defined
refers to
to illustrate
 3. Sample Text for Definition:

Social engineering is defined as any method which tricks

people to share personal information using technology. The
“social” component in this scheme means that there is reliance on
various psychological tricks and on the gullibility of users rather
than technical hacking. Social engineering also refers to various
malicious acts online, such as phishing, spamming, and pretexting.
Main Idea: _____________________________
Signal words: ___________________________
 4. Exemplification:

An exemplification pattern presents the

general statement and then provides specific
and concrete examples to expound on the
main idea.
This pattern is used to provide an example
of something.
4. Signal Words for Exemplification:

 afterall for instance namely

 as an example in other words in particular

 put another way in short specifically

 stated differently for example that is
 to be specific to clarify
 consider the following
 Sample Text for Exemplification

While the Internet offers so many benefits to man, it also has its downsides.
One of these is phishing, which refers to the act of obtaining information, such
as passwords and credit card details, through online means. In other words,
phishing is a form of cybercrime. As an example, let us consider the case of Mr.
X. He received an email stating that his Gmail account has been compromised
and that he needed to click a link to update personal information. If r. X clicks
on the link, his personal information will be illegally acquired by
cybercriminals.
 Main Idea: _____________________________
 Signal words: ___________________________
 5. Chronology/ Procedure:

A chronological pattern organizes ideas or events

according to time. It can either be in the form of a
narration or process. A narration sequences events in the
order in which they occurred on time, while a process
organizes details based on stages or steps.
The most essential parts of this pattern are the main idea,
major dates, and events such as the outcome, major
steps/stages, and the order of presentation.
 5. Signal Words for Chronology/ Procedure:

 about before in the meantime prior to tomorrow

 after during afterwards until second

 later soon eventually when finally

 next then as soon as till today
 at first next week at this/that point
 immediately yesterday presently
 Sample Text for Chronology/ Procedure:

During flooding, one thing that may probably save your

life is an improvised flotation device. You can make one using
your pants. First, knot off the leg holes of your pants. Then,
hold the open waist and swing the pants around to fill the legs
with air. Promptly knot off the waist to trap the air and hold
the pants underwater so that the air would not escape.
Main Idea: _____________________________
Signal words: ___________________________
 Application (Asynchronous)

Group work. Writing your assigned paragraph (of 5-7

sentences).
• Group 1(B1-3, G1-4): Narrative (How one fought drug addiction)
• Group 2(B4-6, G5-8): Descriptive (Beautiful spot in Mandaue City)
• Group 3(B7-9, G9-13): Definition (Resilience in times of Crisis/ Disasters)
• Group 4(B10-13, G14-18): Exemplification (Learning in the new
normal)
• Group 5(B14-17, G19-23): Chronology/ Process (How to make the
“Bibingka sa Mandaue”.)
 Assessment (Asynchronous)

Group work. Make a 3 minute video presentation of the assigned pattern of

development. Use the paragraph that the group made as example.
• Group 1(B1-3, G1-4): Narrative (How one fought drug addiction)
• Group 2(B4-6, G5-8): Descriptive (Beautiful spot in Mandaue City)
• Group 3(B7-9, G9-13): Definition (Resilience in times of Crisis/ Disasters)
• Group 4(B10-13, G14-18): Exemplification (Learning in the new
normal)
• Group 5(B14-17, G19-23): Chronology/ Process (How to make the
“Bibingka sa Mandaue”.)
Rubrics (Paragraph Writing)