Can slimming pills effectively lower my body weight?

Is the modular effective than of face-to-face learning?

Do my screen time affect my grades?

Are learners who are good in English, bad at Math?

Is there a correlation between the allowance and academic motivation?

Does listening to music help in memorization?

Hypothesis Testing
Objectives:
To be able to illustrate: (a) null hypothesis; (b)
alternative hypothesis; (c) level of significance; (d)
rejection region; and (e) types of errors in hypothesis
testing.
Hypothesis
is a conjecture about a population parameter.

Conjecture=
judgement with little
or no evidence
Hypothesis Testing
• decision-making process for evaluating
claims about a population
Null Hypothesis
• Hypothesis of no difference or no effect
• Uses the “=“ sign
• It is hoped to be rejected
Alternative Hypothesis
• Represents the idea the researcher wants to
improve
• Uses the “<, >, and not equal” sign
Ho and Ha: On Population Mean
Null Hypothesis

The average daily allowance of STE students is Php 100.

Alternative Hypothesis
Ho and Ha: FORMULATE!
Problem 1
A medical researcher is interested in finding
out whether a new medication will have any
undesirable side effects. The researcher is
particularly concerned with the pulse rate of the
patients who take the medication. Will the pulse
rate increase, decrease, or remain unchanged after
a patient takes the medication? Assume that pulse
rate=86.
Ho and Ha: FORMULATE!
Problem 2
A chemist invents an additive to increase the
life of an automobile battery. If the mean lifetime
of the automobile battery without the additive is
36 months, then what are her hypotheses?
Ho and Ha: FORMULATE!
Problem 3
A psychologist feels that playing soft music
during a test will change the results of the test.
The psychologist is not sure whether the grades
will be higher or lower. In the past, the mean of
the scores was 73.
Ho and Ha: FORMULATE!
Problem 4
The guidance counselor wants to know
whether the number of students who failed in
Mathematics decreased on the original number
which is 36.
TYPE 1 & 2 ERRORS
TYPE 1 & 2 ERRORS
TYPE 1 & 2 ERRORS
Suppose the null hypothesis is: Frank’s rock climbing equipment is safe.
• Type I error: Frank thinks that his rock climbing equipment may not
be safe when, in fact, it really is safe.
• Type II error: Frank thinks that his rock climbing equipment may be
safe when, in fact, it is not safe.
TYPE 1 & 2 ERRORS
You test whether a new drug intervention can alleviate symptoms of an
autoimmune disease.
The null hypothesis (H0) is that the new drug has no effect on
symptoms of the disease.
The alternative hypothesis (H1) is that the drug is effective for
alleviating symptoms of the disease.
• A Type I error happens when you get false positive results: you
conclude that the drug intervention improved symptoms when it
actually didn’t. These improvements could have arisen from other
random factors or measurement errors.
• A Type II error happens when you get false negative results: you
conclude that the drug intervention didn’t improve symptoms when it
actually did. Your study may have missed key indicators of
improvements or attributed any improvements to other factors instead.
Type of Test
Left-tailed Test
If the alternative hypothesis uses the “<“
Right-tailed Test
If the alternative hypothesis uses the “>“
Two-tailed Test
If the alternative hypothesis uses the ““
The Test Statistic
If the standard deviation is given
𝑿 − 𝝁
𝒛 =
𝝈
√ 𝒏
The Test Statistic
If there is no given ,
𝑿 − 𝝁
𝒕 =
𝒔
√ 𝒏
Critical Values and Rejection
Regions
Critical Values and Rejection
Regions
Critical Values and Rejection
Regions
Statistical Decision
Focuses on the null hypothesis.

REJECT H0
If the computed value falls within the rejection region.

DO NOT REJECT H0
If the computed value falls within the acceptance region.
According to a study conducted by the Grade 12
students, ₱155 is the average monthly expense for
cell phone loads of high school students in their
province. A Statistics student claims that this amount
has increased since January of this year. Do you think
his claim is acceptable if a random sample of 50
students has an average monthly expense of ₱165 for
cell phone loads? Using 5% level of significance,
assume that a population standard deviation is ₱52.
 According to a study conducted by the Grade 12 students, ₱155 is the average monthly
expense for cell phone loads of high school students in their province. A Statistics student
claims that this amount has increased since January of this year. Do you think his claim is
acceptable if a random sample of 50 students has an average monthly expense of ₱165
for cell phone loads? Using 5% level of significance, assume that a population standard
deviation is ₱52.

1) State the null and alternative hypothesis. 𝑿 −𝝁

𝒛=
𝝈
√𝒏
Determine the test statistic and compute its 𝟏𝟔𝟓 −𝟏𝟓𝟓
𝒛=
value. 𝟓𝟐
√ 𝟓𝟎
Since the population mean is being tested, the population standard

𝒛=𝟏.𝟑𝟔𝟏
deviation 𝜎 is known, and 𝑛 > 30, the appropriate test statistic is
the z-test.
According to a study conducted by the Grade 12 students, ₱155 is the average
monthly expense for cell phone loads of high school students in their province.
A Statistics student claims that this amount has increased since January of this
year. Do you think his claim is acceptable if a random sample of 50 students
has an average monthly expense of ₱165 for cell phone loads? Using 5% level
of significance, assume that a population standard deviation is ₱52.

3) Find the critical value and draw the critical 4) Draw a conclusion.
region. Use the z-critical value table.
The z-computed value is 1.361 and it
lies within the non-rejection region, so
we DO NOT REJECT the null
hypothesis.
Therefore, there is no enough evidence
to support the claim that the average
monthly expense for cell phone loads is
more than ₱155. This result is
significant at 𝛼 = 0.05 level.
The average IQ of Senior High School students is 99
with a standard deviation of 15. A researcher believes
that the average IQ of Senior High School students is
lower. A random sample of 40 students was tested
and got an average of 95. Is there enough evidence to
suggest that the average IQ is lower? Test the
hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance.
The average IQ of Senior High School students is 99 with a standard deviation of 15. A
researcher believes that the average IQ of Senior High School students is lower. A random
sample of 40 students was tested and got an average of 95. Is there enough evidence to
suggest that the average IQ is lower? Test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance.

1) State the null and alternative hypothesis. 𝑿 −𝝁

𝒛=
𝝈
√𝒏
Determine the test statistic and compute its 𝟗𝟓 − 𝟗𝟗
𝒛=
value. 𝟏𝟓
√ 𝟒𝟎
Since the population mean is being tested, the population standard

𝒛=−𝟏.𝟔𝟖𝟖
deviation 𝜎 is known, and 𝑛 > 30, the appropriate test statistic is
the z-test.
The average IQ of Senior High School students is 99 with a standard deviation
of 15. A researcher believes that the average IQ of Senior High School students
is lower. A random sample of 40 students was tested and got an average of 95.
Is there enough evidence to suggest that the average IQ is lower? Test the
hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance.

3) Find the critical value and draw the critical 4) Draw a conclusion.
region. Use the z-critical value table.
The z-computed value is -1.688 and
it lies within the rejection region, so
we reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, there is enough evidence
to support the claim that the IQ
level of Senior High School
students is lower than 99. This result
is significant at 𝛼 = 0.05 level.
A researcher reports that the average IQ level of
students in Philippine Science High School (PSHS) is
110. A sample of 20 students has a mean IQ level of
106 with a standard deviation of 9. At 5% level of
significance, test the claim that the IQ level of
students in PSHS is 110.
A researcher reports that the average IQ level of students in
Philippine Science High School (PSHS) is 110. A sample of 20
students has a mean IQ level of 106 with a standard deviation of 9. At
5% level of significance, test the claim that the IQ level of students in
PSHS is 110.

1) State the null and alternative hypothesis.

2) Determine the test statistic to be used and its test value.

Since is not known and n<30, we are going to use ____________________.

3) Determine the critical value.

A researcher reports that the average IQ level of students in
Philippine Science High School (PSHS) is 110. A sample of 20
students has a mean IQ level of 106 with a standard deviation of 9. At
5% level of significance, test the claim that the IQ level of students in
PSHS is 110.

4) State the conclusion.

Since it is a left-tailed test and the t-computed value is _______, which is ________ than the
critical value of ______, we _______ the null hypothesis. We therefore conclude that
_________________________________________________.