+
Chapter 1: Introduction
William Stallings, Computer Organization and
Architecture. 9th Edition
+ 2
Objectives
CLO1 Explain the general functions and structure of a digital computer
Why should we study this chapter?
Distinguishing architecture and organization
What is a hierachical system?
What are basic computer functions?
What are main structural components of the computer?
+ 3
Contents
CLO1 Explain the general functions and structure of a digital computer
Definitions
1.1- Organization and Architecture.
1.2- Structure and functions
+ 4
Definitions
System: an assemblage of related parts in which there exists an operating
mechanism.
Hierarchical system: a system in which each part have a level but without a
like or equal
System structure: A set of related parts in which each part has it’s own
attributes (tính chất) and functions (làm được gì). In structural view, the way
to make it and the way to connect them are not concerned. Consumer view/
sơ đồ thành phần
System organization: A set of related and specific parts. In organizational
view, the way to make each part and the way to connect it to others must be
explicit. producer view/ cấu tạo
Module is a specific discrete thing/named code/circuit which has it’s own
function to use component/ linh kiện
Modularity is the degree to which system's components may be separated
and recombined Industrial production
5
1.1- Computer Organization and Architecture
• Attributes of a system • Instruction set,
visible to the number of bits used to
programmer represent various data
• Have a direct types, I/O
Software view mechanisms,
impact(affect) on the
techniques for
logical execution of a include:
Computer addressing memory
program
attributes
Architecture Architectural
Differences:
include:
Computer
• Hardware details
attributes
Organization
•The operational
Organizational
transparent to the
programmer, control signals, units and their
interfaces between the
Hardware view interconnections that
computer and peripherals, realize the
memory technology used architectural
specifications
+ 6
Read by yourself:
IBM System/370 Architecture
IBM System/370 architecture
Was introduced in 1970
Included a number of models
Could upgrade to a more expensive, faster model without having to abandon
(chối bỏ) original software
New models are introduced with improved technology, but retain the same
architecture so that the customer’s software investment is protected
Architecture has survived to this day as the architecture of IBM’s mainframe
product line
More details: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/370
+ 7
1.2- Structure and Function
Hierarchical system Structure
Set of interrelated subsystems The way in which components
(modules) relate to each other
Hierarchical nature of complex Function
systems is essential to both their
The operation of individual
design and their description
components as part of the
Designer need only deal with a structure
particular level of the system at a
time
Concerned with structure and
function at each level
+ Apparatus:
Functions Things
provided as
means to some
ends
A computercan (peripherals )
perform four basic
functions:
● Data processing
● Data storage
● Data movement
● Control
+ 9
Functions: A Demonstration
Program pseudo-code Activities in hardware
Read an integer from Control function is caried out to get a
keyboard and save the value from keyboard (moving data
value to the variable X funtion) then save it to a memory
block, named as X ( storing data
function)
Read an integer from ....
keyboard and save the
value to the variable Y
Z= X + Y ....
Output Z to monitor ....
+ Read by yourself
Operations Peripheral 1 Peripheral 2
(a)
Data movement
+Operations
Read by yourself
External
environment
(b)
Data storage read
write
Building block:
Why data from an
external device can not
move to storage
automatically?
+ Read by yourself
Operations
(c)
Data movement
Building block: read
Open the Calculator to
compute some numeric
operations. Give your
explanation write
compute
+ Read by yourself
Operations
(d)
Control
14
linkages
The
Computer
15
1+2
1 + 2
3
Structure
Try to verify
Bus: Lines connect components.
They supply ways to transfer data
between components
+
CPU – controls the operation of
the computer and performs its data
There are four processing functions
main structural
components Main Memory – stores data
of the computer: I/O – moves data between the
computer and its external
environment
System Interconnection – some
mechanism that provides for
communication among CPU, main
memory, and I/O
+ Control Unit
CPU Controls the operation of the CPU and
hence the computer
Major structural
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
components: Performs the computer’s data processing
function
Registers
Provide storage internal to the CPU
CPU Interconnection
Some mechanism that provides for
communication among the control unit,
ALU, and registers
+ 18
Exercises
(Write your answers to your notebook)
1.1
What, in general terms, is the distinction between computer
organization and computer architecture?
1.2What, in general terms, is the distinction between computer
structure and computer function?
1.3 What are the four main functions of a computer?
1.4
List and briefly define the main structural components of a
computer.
1.5
List and briefly define the main structural components of a
processor.
+ Summary
19
Introduction
Chapter 1
Computer Organization
Structure
CPU
Computer Architecture Main memory
Function
I/O
Data processing
System interconnection
Data storage CPU structural components
Data movement Control unit
Control ALU
Registers
CPU interconnection
+ 20
Internet Resources
- Web site for book
http://WilliamStallings.com/COA/COA9e.html
Links to sites of interest
Links to sites for courses that use the book
Errata list for book
Information on other books by W. Stallings
http://WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html
Math
How-to
Research resources
Misc
