CE 495/MEV 584 Air Quality Management

Saint Martin’s University

Departments of Civil Engineering & Environmental Engineering
Lacey, Washington

September 20, 2024

Prof. Tapas K. Das, PE, BCEE, FAIChE

E-mail: TDas@[Link]
 • Define Particulate Matter
(PM) and why it is
important to control PM
• Characteristics of PM
• Particulate Behavior in
Fluids
Review: - The Drag Force; External
Forces
Lecture 3
- Gravitational Settling
- Collection of Particulates by
Impaction, Interception &
Diffusion
• Overview of PM Control
Equipment
 The process of
electrostatic
precipitation involves:
• The ionization of
contaminated air flowing
between electrodes,
Lecture 4: • The charging, migration, and
Introduction collection of the
contaminants (particulate
matters-PM) on oppositely
charged plates,
• The removal of the PM from
the plates.
• The particles can be either
dry dusts or liquid droplets.
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) have several advantages
and disadvantages over other PM control devices.
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Very high efficiencies, even for 1. High capital costs
very small particles 2. Will not control gaseous
2. Can handle very large gas emissions
volumes with low pressure drop 3. Not very flexible, once installed,
3. Dry collection of valuable to changes in operating
materials, or wet collection of conditions
fumes and mists 4. Take up a lot of space
4. Can be designed for a wide 5. Might not work on particulates
range of gas temperatures with very high electrical
5. Low operating costs, except at resistivity
very high efficiencies 6. Very dependent on ash
6. Can handle heavy dust loads resistivity
7. Durable – have a long service life 7. Operate much better when at
with relatively little steady state.
maintenance.
Theory – Deutsch Equation
Theory
Cont’d
Theory Cont’d
Collection Efficiency Using the Deutsch Eq. 5.7 &
Drift Velocity, Eq. 5.8
 Plate Sizing
Consider one mechanical field of n plates in
parallel across the entire width of the ESP. The
gas flows through the “ducts” (space between
the plates), so the (n-2) interior plates all have
both sides collecting dust (“active”), while the
two exterior plates each only utilize one side.
Thus,, there are (n-1) active plates in this
mechanical field.
 Plate Sizing Cont…..
For an ESP with Ns mechanical fields, the total collection
area is the number of active plates the doubled-sided area
per plate can be represented by the following Eq.
A = Ap(n-1)Ns = Ap(N – Ns)………………(5.13)
Where,
Ap = two-sided plate area (=2HLp)
N = number of plates in parallel across the width
of the ESP &
Ns = number of sections in the direction of flow
(mechanical field)
•
 Example 5.1 p. 169-170
Example 5.1
Calculate the total collection area for a 98%
efficient ESP that is treating 10,450 m3/min of
air. The effective drift velocity is 6.0 m/min.
Assuming the plates are 6 m high and 3 m long
and that there are two sections in the direction
of flow, calculate the number of plates required.
Solution to Problem 5.1
 Total Electrostatic Force on a Particle
The theoretical saturation charge on a spherical particle is given
by
Q = π dp2 ε0 K Ech (5.10)
 Drift Velocity & Cunningham Correction
Factor
The theoretical drift velocity (ω) and the
Cunningham correction factor, C. can be
represented by combining Eqs. 5.8, 5.9, and
5.10, deriving to Eq. 5.12) p. 168:
 Design Considerations
ESP Key Design Considerations Plate Sizing, Eq. 5.13 p. 169
The complete design of an ESP
includes sixing and • A = Ap (n-1)Ns = Ap (N-Ns)
determining the configuration Where
of the plates; calculating the Ap = two-sided plate area
needed electrical energization; (=2HLp)
determining the structural N = number of plates in parallel
needs; and specifying the across the width of the ESP
rapping, dust removal, and Nesps = total number of plates
performance-monitoring in the ESP
systems. Here we’ll consider Ns= number of sections in
the first two items in details. direction of flow
In-Class Problem 5.1
(p.188)
Student’s In-Class Problem 5.2 (p.188)
 Corona and Particulate Resistivity
Corona Particulate Resistivity
A field (or corona) must be In addition to size and size
established to charge particles. distribution, another important
Corona is the ionization of gas property of the particles is
molecules by high-energy resistivity. The resistivity of fly
electrons in the region of a ash is a measure of its resistance
strong electric field. to electrical conduction.
Resistivity is very important
because it strongly influences
Particle collection efficiency.
 Particulate Resistivity

Determination of Resistivity Resistivity

 Temperature vs. Conductivity
• The major factors influencing fly-ash resistivity
are temperature and chemical composition of fly ash
and the combustion gases. Fig. 5.6 shows temperature
and conductivity relationship.
Fig. 5.7: Variation of Fly-ash Resistivity with Coal
Sulfur Content and Flue Gas Temperature
Fig. 5.8: Effect of Fly-ash Resistivity on Effective
Drift Velocity in an ESP
 In-Class Problems
Problems 5.3 (p. 188)
 Students’ In-Class Problems
Problems 5.4 (p. 188)
Table 5.1:
Selected Design
Parameters for
Fly-Ash ESPs and
Typical Values
 Number of Ducts

The number of ducts

(which is equal to one
less than the number
of plates in parallel
across the width, i.e.,
Nd = n-1) is related to
the gas flow rate, gas
linear velocity, and
duct geometry:
The Overall
Length of the
Precipitator
Number of Fields and Actual Collection Area
Example 5.3, p.177
Example 5.3-
Solution
Example 5.3 Solution Cont’d
Fig. 5.9: Schematic of various Charging &
Collecting Electrodes
 After collection, the dust particles must be
removed periodically so that the ESP can
continue to function properly.

Particles are removed by rapping the

Removal of plates, causing a vibration that knocks off
the layers of dust. The plates remain
Particle energized during rapping.

Dust
Dust falls into hoppers and is discharged
via tubes or screw conveyors to a loading
facility.

The wires also collect some dust. They are

also vibrated periodically.
 Power Consumption

There are two sources for operating power consumption in a ESP:

(1) corona power being the main source, (2) pressure drop and fan
power.
Drift Velocity Related to Corona Power
 Flue Gas Conditioning and Ash/Dust Resistivity

Existing ESPs. When a sudden

decline in ESP collection efficiency
occurs due to switching to a low-
sulfur coal, fly-ash emissions
increases and the plant can be
subject to fines or shutdown. One
possible solution is to change the
fly-ash resistivity. Earlier, we
discussed a strong influence of
temperature and chemical
composition on fly-ash resistivity and
thus on collection efficiency.
Wet ESPs
 Costs
The following equation (Eq. 5.22 p. 186) can be
used to predict prices of dry ESPs in 1998 dollars.
b
P = aA
Where,
P = purchase price, f.o.b. manufacturer, in 1998 dollars
A = net plate area, ft2
a and b = constant, as follows:
For 10,000 ft2 < A < 50,000 ft2, a = 962 and b= 0.628
For 50,000 ft2 < A < 1,000,000 ft2, a = 90.6 and b= 0.843
Table
5.2
 What have we learned today?
• Individual/Group Discussion
• Conclusions
Questions & Comments?

Thank you for your attention!

 Chapter 6: Fabric Filters
Also known as “Baghouses”
Fabric Filter
(or
Baghouses)
Introduction Cont….
Advantages of Baghouses
Disadvantages of Baghouses
Introduction Cont’d
Clean Woven Filter Cloth
Pressure Drop
Theory Cont’d
Theory Cont’d
Theory
Cont’d
Filter Drag
against
Dust
Density
Example 6.1, p. 198-200
Example 6.1 Cont…
Problem 6.1 p.224
Solution to Problem #6.1 Cont..
Solution to Problem 6.1 Cont…
 Both reverse-air and shaker
baghouse have been widely
used for many years.
Design
Considerations
Reverse-Air Table 6.1 provides some data
and Shaker on recommended maximum
filtering velocities for various
Baghouses dusts.

Table 6.2 provides a list of

commonly used fabrics have
very different abilities regarding
operating temperatures and
chemical content of gas stream.
 Table 6.1: Maximum Filtering Velocities for
Various Dusts in Shaker or Reverse-Air Baghouse
Table 6.2: Temperature and Chemical Resistance
of Some Common Industrial Fabrics
Shaker Baghouse
Fig. 6.5: Filtration Time & Variation of Pressure Drop
with Time in a Compartmented Baghouse
Table 6.3: Number of Compartments as a
Function of Net Cloth Area
Example 6.2 p. 206
Average Flow
through Each
Compartment
Dust Density,
Filtration
Time and
Filter Drag
Filtering Time and Maximum Pressure Drop
Example 6.3 p. 209-210
Pulsed-Jet Baghouse
• The bags are cleaned by short
(30-100 millisecond) blasts of
high-pressure (90-100 psi) air.
• The pulse of air is directed
through a venturi ; each bags is
pulsed every few minutes.
• A major advantage of the
pulse-jet method is that it
allows the cleaning of some
bags while dusty air continues
to flow the baghouse.
 Example 6.4 p.213

Example 6.4
Estimate the number of
bags required in a
pulsed-jet baghouse to
filter the same
airstream as in Example
6.2 (p. 206)
Compressor Power
Example 6.5 p.214
Pressure Drop through a Pulsed-Jet
Baghouse
Example 6.6
Table 6.6 Some
Design
Considerations
for Baghouse
Systems
 Fig. 6.8
Fabric Filter
and ESP Hg
Removal as
Function of
PAC Feed
Rate
Costs
 Example 6.7 p. 223

Example 6.7
Estimate the total installed cost (in
1998 dollar) of the baghouse of
Example 6.2. Assume the
baghouse is uninsulated and is
made from mild steel. Assume
polyester bags with strap tops are
used.
 What have we learned today?
• Individual/Group Discussion
• Conclusions
Questions & Comments?

Thank you for your attention!