Republic of the Philippines

Bulacan State University

Sarmiento Campus

General Academics and Teacher Education Department

_____________________________________________________________
EDUC 303: Technology in Teaching and Learning

1st Semester – A.Y. 2024 – 2025

DR. MARICIEL B. BALIGOD

Module 1 Week 2: August 19-23, 2024
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this meeting, the students should be able to:
a. Trace the history and development of educational
technology.
b. Describe the development of the educational system
during different periods or eras.
c. Develop a critical analysis of the contributions of
proponents in the history of educational technology.
 Icebreaker activity:

"Name an Educational Technology"

Share a piece of technology you use in learning

and how it helps you
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Evolution of Educational Technology

A. Ancient tools and methods (e.g., abacus, chalkboards)
Ancient tools and methods in education were foundational in shaping
how knowledge was imparted and acquired. Here are some of the key
tools and methods used historically:
1. Abacus
· Description: A simple counting tool made of a frame with
rods and beads that can be slid back and forth.
· Use: Used for basic arithmetic operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division.
· Historical Context: Originated in Mesopotamia and was
widely used in ancient China, Greece, and Rome.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

A. Evolution of Educational Technology

2. Chalkboards (Blackboards)
· Historical Context: Became popular in the
19th century and revolutionized classroom
instruction by providing a reusable and visible
surface for teaching.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

A. Evolution of Educational Technology

3. Clay Tablets and Styluses
Description: Tablets made of clay on which
students wrote using a stylus.

Use: Used for writing exercises and keeping

records in ancient Mesopotamia and other early
civilizations.

Historical Context: One of the earliest forms of

written communication, dating back to around
3100 BCE.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

A. Evolution of Educational Technology

BC and BCE = both refer to years before the birth of Jesus Christ
AD and CE = both refer to years after the birth of Jesus Christ.

BC and AD reference Christ's birth directly, while

BCE and CE are more secular ways to tell time
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

A. Evolution of Educational Technology

4. Papyrus Scrolls

Description: Early form of paper made from the

papyrus plant, rolled into scrolls.

Use: Used for recording texts, lessons, and

important information.

Historical Context: Widely used in ancient Egypt

and later adopted by Greeks and Romans.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

A. Evolution of Educational Technology

5. Quill Pens and Ink
Description: Writing instruments made from
bird feathers, used with ink made from various
natural sources.

Use: Allowed for more detailed and lasting

writing compared to earlier tools.

Historical Context: Common in medieval

Europe, particularly from the 6th century
onwards.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

A. Evolution of Educational Technology

6. Hornbooks
Description: A wooden paddle with a sheet of
paper, usually containing the alphabet and simple
prayers, protected by a transparent layer of horn.

Use: Used as a primer for young children

learning to read.

Historical Context: Used in Europe and colonial

America from the 15th to the 18th centuries.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

A. Evolution of Educational Technology

7. Sand Tables
Description: Boxes filled with sand where children
could draw letters and numbers with their fingers.

Use: Served as an early form of writing practice for

young students.

Historical Context: Used in ancient cultures, such

as China and Greece, for basic educational
purposes and military planning
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

A. Evolution of Educational Technology

8. Oral Tradition and Storytelling
Description: The method of passing knowledge,
history, and cultural values through spoken word and
narratives.

Use: Vital for preserving traditions, teaching moral

lessons, and passing down history in societies without
written language.

Historical Context: Universal across all ancient

cultures before the widespread use of writing.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

A. Evolution of Educational Technology

9. Wax Tablets and Styluses
Description: Small wooden tablets coated with a
layer of wax on which writing was done with a
stylus.

Use: Reusable writing surfaces used for note-

taking, school exercises, and temporary records.

Historical Context: Used extensively in ancient

Greece and Rome for everyday writing tasks.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

A. Evolution of Educational Technology

10. Printing Press
Description: A machine invented by Johannes
Gutenberg in the 15th century that enabled mass
production of books and written materials.

Use: Revolutionized the availability of books,

making education more accessible.

Historical Context: Marked the beginning of the

spread of literacy and learning across Europe
during the Renaissance.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

A. Evolution of Educational Technology

These tools and methods laid the groundwork for modern

educational practices, each contributing to the
development of literacy, numeracy, and systematic
learning.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

B. The rise of print technology

1. Gutenberg Printing Press
Description: Invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-
15th century, this device used movable type to mass-
produce texts.

Impact: Allowed for the mass production of books and

written materials, significantly reducing costs and making
literature and scientific works more accessible.

Visualization: Imagine a large wooden press with

individual metal letters arranged in a frame, inked, and
pressed onto paper to produce multiple copies of a page.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

B. The rise of print technology

2. Textbooks
Description: Books specifically designed for educational
purposes, containing structured content, exercises, and
illustrations.

Impact: Standardized education by providing consistent

and authoritative sources of information. Textbooks
became the primary tool for structured learning in
schools.

Visualization: Picture thick, durable books with

chapters, illustrations, and exercises used by students in
various subjects.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

B. The rise of print technology

3. Printed Diagrams
Description: Visual representations of concepts and
information, including maps, anatomical charts, and
scientific diagrams.

Impact: Enhanced understanding of complex subjects

through visual aids. Made detailed and accurate
illustrations widely available.

Visualization: Think of detailed maps, biological

drawings, and technical schematics printed on paper,
used in classrooms and laboratories.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

B. The rise of print technology

4. Newspapers and Periodicals
Description: Regular publications containing news,
essays, scientific articles, and literary works.

Impact: Facilitated the spread of new ideas, current

events, and scientific discoveries. Played a key role in
informing and educating the public.

Visualization: Imagine daily or weekly newspapers with

multiple pages, filled with articles, images, and
advertisements.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

B. The rise of print technology

5. Pamphlets and Brochures
Description: Short printed works on specific topics,
often used for spreading political, religious, or
educational information.

Impact: Enabled the quick and widespread

dissemination of information and ideas. Used extensively
during the Reformation and Enlightenment to spread new
concepts.

Visualization: Picture small booklets with concise

information on a particular subject, distributed widely to
the public.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

B. The rise of print technology

6. Encyclopedias
Description: Comprehensive reference works that
compile knowledge across various subjects.

Impact: Provided an organized and accessible source of

information on a wide range of topics. Essential for
education and scholarly research.

Visualization: Think of large, multi-volume sets of

books, each covering different fields of knowledge, used
for reference and study.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

B. The rise of print technology

7. Academic Journals
Description: Periodical publications containing scholarly
articles and research findings.

Impact: Facilitated the dissemination and peer review of

scientific research and academic scholarship. Crucial for
the progress of science and higher education.

Visualization: Envision slim, bound issues of journals

with articles written by experts, filled with data, graphs,
and references.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

B. The rise of print technology

8. Libraries
Description: Institutions that collect, organize, and
provide access to books and other informational
resources.

Impact: Became centers of learning and research.

Provided public access to a vast array of knowledge and
educational materials.

Visualization: Picture large buildings with rows of

shelves filled with books, study areas, and reading
rooms.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

B. The rise of print technology

9. Broadsheets and Posters
Description: Large printed sheets used for
announcements, advertisements, and public information.

Impact: Used to inform and educate the public quickly

and effectively. Important for public health campaigns,
political messages, and educational purposes.

Visualization: Imagine large, printed sheets posted on

walls or distributed, with bold text and images conveying
important information.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

B. The rise of print technology

The rise of print technology

revolutionized education and knowledge
dissemination, making information more
accessible and fostering the spread of
new ideas and scientific discoveries.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

C. Audiovisual advancements
1. Overhead Projectors
Description: Devices that project transparencies onto a
screen using a bright light and a series of lenses and mirrors.

Impact: Allowed teachers to display handwritten notes,

diagrams, and text to the entire class, facilitating interactive
lessons.

Visualization: Picture a box-shaped device with a glass top

where transparencies are placed, projecting images onto a
wall or screen in the classroom.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

C. Audiovisual advancements
2. Filmstrips
Description: Strips of film with a series of images that can
be projected onto a screen, often accompanied by an audio
recording.

Impact: Enhanced lessons by providing visual context and

narrative. Commonly used in the mid-20th century for
subjects like history, science, and geography.

Visualization: Imagine a reel of film with individual frames

of images, played through a projector to display a sequence
of pictures on a screen, often with synchronized audio
narration.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

C. Audiovisual advancements
3. Educational Films and Videos
Description: Films and videos specifically created for
educational purposes, covering a wide range of subjects.

Impact: Brought dynamic visual and auditory elements into

the classroom, helping to illustrate complex concepts and
engage students.

Visualization: Imagine watching a documentary or

educational program on a TV or screen in a classroom
setting, often using a VCR or DVD player.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

C. Audiovisual advancements
4. Slide Projectors
Description: Devices that project photographic slides onto a
screen.

Impact: Enabled teachers to show high-quality images and

diagrams to support their lectures, useful in subjects like
biology, geography, and art.

Visualization: Think of a projector with a carousel or tray

holding multiple slides, projecting images one at a time onto
a screen.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

D. Audio Cassette Players and Recorders

5. Audio Cassette Players and Recorders
Description: Devices that play and record audio on magnetic
tape cassettes.

Impact: Allowed for the playback of recorded lectures,

language lessons, and music. Facilitated language learning
and the review of oral lessons.

Visualization: Picture a small rectangular device with

buttons for play, pause, stop, and record, connected to
headphones or speakers.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

D. Audio Cassette Players and Recorders

6. Videotapes and VCRs
Description: Magnetic tapes used to record video and
audio, played back on video cassette recorders (VCRs).

Impact: Made it possible to record and play back

educational programs and lectures, allowing for repeated
viewing and review.

Visualization: Imagine inserting a VHS tape into a VCR,

connecting it to a TV to watch educational videos.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

D. Audio Cassette Players and Recorders

7. Interactive Whiteboards (Smart Boards)
Description: Digital boards that function as both
whiteboards and interactive displays, connected to a
computer.

Impact: Transformed teaching by allowing teachers to

display and interact with digital content, annotate, and
save lessons.

Visualization: Picture a large, touch-sensitive screen at

the front of the classroom, displaying digital content that
the teacher can manipulate directly on the screen.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

D. Audio Cassette Players and Recorders

8. Multimedia Projectors
Description: Devices that project digital images and
videos from computers onto a screen.

Impact: Enabled the integration of multimedia content

into lessons, including PowerPoint presentations, videos,
and interactive applications.

Visualization: Think of a compact projector connected to

a computer, displaying digital content on a large screen or
wall.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

D. Audio Cassette Players and Recorders

9. Computers and Laptops
Description: Personal computing devices used for a wide
range of educational purposes, from word processing to
internet research.

Impact: Revolutionized education by providing access to

vast amounts of information, educational software, and
online resources.

Visualization: Imagine students using laptops in the

classroom to take notes, research, and complete
assignments.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

E. Educational Software and Applications

Description: Software programs and mobile apps
designed to support learning in various subjects.

Impact: Offered interactive and personalized learning

experiences, enhancing student engagement and
understanding.

Visualization: Picture students using educational apps on

tablets or computers to practice math, learn languages, or
explore scientific concepts
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

F. Digital age innovations (e.g., computers, internet, e-learning platforms)

1. Computers and Laptops
2. Internet
3. E-Learning Platforms
4. Learning Management System
5. MOOC - Massive Open Online
Courses
6. Interactive Multimedia
7. Social Media in Education
8. Cloud Computing
9. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in
Education
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Key milestones and their impacts on education

1. Invention of Writing (c. 3200 BCE)
Milestone: The development of writing systems
such as cuneiform in Mesopotamia and
hieroglyphics in Egypt.

Impact: Enabled the recording and preservation

of knowledge, facilitating complex administrative
tasks, literature, and the development of education
systems.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Key milestones and their impacts on education

2. Classical Greek Education (5th-4th Century BCE)
Milestone: Establishment of formal schools and
academies, such as Plato's Academy and
Aristotle's Lyceum.

Impact: Introduced systematic philosophy,

science, and mathematics instruction, influencing
Western education and intellectual traditions.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Key milestones and their impacts on education

3.Roman Education and the Codex (1st Century CE)

Milestone: Development of Roman education

systems and the introduction of the codex (bound
book format).

Impact: Standardized educational practices in the

Roman Empire and improved the portability and
durability of texts.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Key milestones and their impacts on education

4. Medieval Universities (12th-13th Century CE)

Milestone: Formation of universities in Europe,

such as the University of Bologna and Oxford
University.

Impact: Established the structure of modern

higher education, including degree programs,
academic disciplines, and scholarly communities.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Key milestones and their impacts on education

5. Printing Press (1440 CE)

Milestone: Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of the

movable type printing press.

Impact: Revolutionized the production and

distribution of books, making education more
accessible and promoting literacy and the spread
of knowledge.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Key milestones and their impacts on education

6.Public Education Movement (19th Century CE)

Milestone: Introduction of compulsory public

education systems in countries like the United
States and the UK.

Impact: Expanded access to education for all

children, standardized curricula, and emphasized
the importance of universal literacy.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Key milestones and their impacts on education

7. Montessori Method (1907 CE)

Milestone: Dr. Maria Montessori develops an

educational approach focusing on child-centered
learning and hands-on activities.

Impact: Influenced early childhood education

with an emphasis on independence, self-directed
learning, and respect for the child’s pace of
development
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Key milestones and their impacts on education

8.Computer-Based Learning (1960s CE)

Milestone: Introduction of computer-assisted

instruction and educational software.

Impact: Enhanced interactive learning, allowed

for individualized instruction, and paved the way
for the integration of technology in education.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Key milestones and their impacts on education

9. The Internet (1990s CE)

Milestone: Widespread adoption of the internet

for information sharing and communication.

Impact: Transformed access to information,

facilitated online research, and laid the
groundwork for e-learning and virtual classrooms
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Key milestones and their impacts on education

10. Learning Management Systems (LMS) (2000s CE)

Milestone: Development and adoption of

platforms like Moodle and Blackboard for
managing online learning.

Impact: Streamlined course management,

enhanced online learning experiences, and
provided tools for tracking student progress and
engagement.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Key milestones and their impacts on education

11. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) (2010s CE)

Milestone: Emergence of platforms like Coursera

and edX offering free or low-cost courses to a
global audience.

Impact: Expanded access to high-quality

education, democratized learning, and provided
opportunities for lifelong learning.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Key milestones and their impacts on education

12. Artificial Intelligence in Education (2020s CE)

Milestone: Integration of AI technologies in

educational tools and platforms for personalized
learning, automated grading, and intelligent
tutoring systems.

Impact: Enhanced personalized learning

experiences, improved administrative efficiency,
and provided new ways to support and engage
students.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Key milestones and their impacts on education

13.Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR) (2020s CE)
Milestone: Integration of AI technologies in
educational tools and platforms for personalized
learning, automated grading, and intelligent
tutoring systems.

Impact: Enhanced personalized learning

experiences, improved administrative efficiency,
and provided new ways to support and engage
students.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

These milestones represent significant

advancements in educational practices,
technologies, and accessibility, shaping
the modern educational landscape and
influencing how knowledge is
disseminated and acquired.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman)
Ancient Greece
1. Philosophical Schools and Academies
· Plato’s Academy (387 BCE): Founded by Plato in
Athens, it was one of the earliest institutions of higher
learning, focusing on philosophy, mathematics, and
science.

· Aristotle’s Lyceum (336 BCE): Established by

Aristotle, it offered a wide range of subjects including
logic, rhetoric, ethics, and natural sciences.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman)
Ancient Greece
2. Socratic Method
Description: Developed by Socrates, this
method involved questioning and dialogue to
stimulate critical thinking and illuminate
ideas.

Impact: Promoted active learning and critical

thinking, influencing modern pedagogical
approaches
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman)
Ancient Greece
3. Education for Citizens
Description: In Athens, education was aimed at
preparing citizens for participation in public life,
emphasizing rhetoric, philosophy, and debate.

Impact: Fostered democratic engagement and

the development of oratory skills necessary for
public discourse.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman)
Ancient Greece
4. Gymnasiums and Lyceums
Description: Public spaces for physical and
intellectual training, including gymnasiums for
exercise and lyceums for intellectual pursuits.

Impact: Integrated physical education with

intellectual training, contributing to a holistic
approach to education.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman)
Ancient Greece
5. Homer’s Epics
Description: Works like the “Iliad” and the
“Odyssey” were used as educational tools to teach
values, history, and mythology.

Impact: Provided a cultural foundation for Greek

education and helped to transmit values and
historical narratives.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman)
Ancient Rome
1. Roman Education System
Description: Roman education was highly structured,
with stages including elementary education (ludus),
grammar school (grammaticus), and rhetorical
training (rhetor).

Impact: Emphasized rhetoric and oratory skills for

public life, laying the groundwork for Western
education and communication practices.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman)
Ancient Rome
2. Rhetoric and Oratory
Description: Rhetoric was a central component
of Roman education, with schools focusing on
persuasive speaking and writing.

Impact: Influenced political and legal practices,

as well as the development of public speaking
and writing skills.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman)
Ancient Rome
3. Roman Law and Governance
Description: Education in law and governance
was crucial for administrative and legal careers,
reflecting the complexity of the Roman legal
system.

Impact: Contributed to the development of

legal education and the codification of laws,
influencing Western legal traditions.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman)
Ancient Rome
4. Libraries and Public Education
Description: Romans established public
libraries and promoted education for the elite,
with private tutors and educational institutions
available for wealthier families.

Impact: Made education more accessible and

supported the preservation and dissemination
of knowledge.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman)
Ancient Rome
5. Greco-Roman Synthesis
Description: The Romans adopted and adapted
Greek educational practices, combining them
with their own traditions and innovations.

Impact: Led to a synthesis of Greek and Roman

educational practices, influencing the
development of Western education.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

These ancient civilizations laid the

foundation for many aspects of modern
education, including the emphasis on critical
thinking, rhetoric, and the integration of
physical and intellectual training. Their
contributions have had a lasting impact on
educational systems and practices throughout
history.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

B. Medieval period (e.g., monastic schools, universities)
Monastic Schools
1. Early Monastic Schools (6th-8th Century CE)
Description: Monastic schools were established by
Christian monasteries to provide education primarily for
clergy and monks. Notable examples include schools run
by the Benedictines and the Irish monastic tradition.

Impact: Preserved and transmitted classical texts, and

focused on religious and theological education. Monastic
schools became centers of learning and scholarship
during a time when secular education was limited.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

B. Medieval period (e.g., monastic schools, universities)
Monastic Schools
2.Curriculum and Instruction
 Description: The curriculum in monastic schools included the
study of Latin, religious texts, and classical works. Education
was based on the Seven Liberal Arts: Trivium (Grammar,
Rhetoric, Logic) and Quadrivium (Arithmetic, Geometry,
Astronomy, Music).

 Impact: Provided a structured approach to education,

combining classical knowledge with religious teachings, and
helped in the preservation and transmission of knowledge
through the Middle Ages.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

B. Medieval period (e.g., monastic schools, universities)
Monastic Schools
3. Scriptoria
Description: Monastic scriptoria were rooms
dedicated to copying manuscripts and texts by
hand.

Impact: Played a crucial role in preserving

ancient texts and producing new ones,
contributing to the spread of knowledge and the
maintenance of intellectual traditions.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

B. Medieval period (e.g., monastic schools, universities)
Medieval Universities
1. Origins and Establishment (12th-13th Century CE)
 Description: The first universities were established in
Bologna (1088 CE), Paris (c. 1150 CE), and Oxford (1096 CE).
These institutions initially emerged from cathedral schools
and grew into formal institutions of higher learning.

 Impact: Marked the beginning of structured higher

education, with a focus on law, medicine, and theology.
They standardized academic practices and curricula, and
became centers of intellectual and cultural life.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

B. Medieval period (e.g., monastic schools, universities)
Medieval Universities
2. University Structure
Description: Medieval universities were organized
into faculties (e.g., Arts, Theology, Law, Medicine) and
had a formal system of degrees (Bachelor’s, Master’s,
Doctorate). The system of academic disputation and
lectures was central to instruction.

Impact: Established the framework for modern

universities, including degree programs, faculty
structure, and academic governance.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

B. Medieval period (e.g., monastic schools, universities)
Medieval Universities
3. Scholasticism
Description: A method of critical thought that
dominated medieval universities, focusing on the
reconciliation of Christian theology with classical
philosophy, particularly that of Aristotle.

 Impact: Influenced the development of Western

thought, combining faith and reason, and led to the
development of key philosophical and theological
concepts.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

B. Medieval period (e.g., monastic schools, universities)
Medieval Universities
4.The Rise of Latin as the Language of Learning
Description: Latin was used as the primary
language of instruction and scholarly writing
in medieval universities.

Impact: Facilitated communication and

scholarship across different regions of Europe,
and helped in the preservation and
transmission of academic knowledge.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

B. Medieval period (e.g., monastic schools, universities)
Medieval Universities
5. Academic Freedom and Autonomy
Description: Universities were granted certain privileges
and autonomy from local authorities, allowing scholars
to teach and research with relative freedom.

Impact: Supported the development of independent

academic inquiry and contributed to the growth of
intellectual and scientific advancements.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods

B. Medieval period (e.g., monastic schools, universities)
Medieval Universities
6. Cathedral Schools
Description: Predecessors to universities, cathedral
schools were attached to cathedrals and provided
education primarily for the clergy.

Impact: Played a key role in the educational system of

the Middle Ages and laid the groundwork for the
development of universities.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Educational Focus
1. Religious and Theological Studies
Description: The primary focus of medieval education was on
theology and religious studies, preparing clergy for their roles in
the Church.

Impact: Shaped the intellectual life of the period and influenced

various aspects of European culture and society.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Educational Focus
2. Classical Studies and Translations
Description: Education included the study of classical texts, often
translated and interpreted through a Christian lens.

Impact: Helped preserve and integrate classical knowledge with

Christian teachings, contributing to the intellectual continuity of
the period
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

These educational developments during the

Medieval period played a crucial role in preserving
classical knowledge, shaping intellectual traditions,
and laying the foundation for modern higher
education.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing)

Public Schooling
1. Compulsory Education Laws (19th Century)

Description: Legislation requiring children to attend school, such as

the Elementary Education Act of 1870 in England (Forster Act) and
similar laws in other countries.

Impact: Increased access to education, reduced illiteracy, and

ensured that more children received basic education.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing)

Public Schooling
2. Expansion of Public Schools

Description: The growth of public school systems to provide education

to all children, regardless of their social or economic background.

Impact: Made education more widely accessible and helped in the

development of a more educated workforce, supporting economic
growth and social mobility.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing)

Public Schooling
3. Curriculum and Pedagogy

Description: The development of a standardized curriculum that included

subjects like reading, writing, arithmetic, and basic sciences. Emphasis on
discipline and uniformity in teaching methods.

Impact: Standardized education across different regions, contributing to the

development of a more uniform educational experience and preparing students
for the industrial economy.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing)

Standardized Testing
1. Early Forms of Standardized Testing (Late 19th Century)

Description: Initial attempts to assess student performance using standardized

tests to measure educational outcomes and guide instruction.

Impact: Laid the groundwork for modern testing practices, providing a means
to evaluate student progress and educational effectiveness.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing)

Standardized Testing
2. Rise of Psychological Testing (Early 20th Century)

Description: The development of psychological and aptitude tests, such as

those by Alfred Binet and Lewis Terman, to assess intellectual ability and
potential.

Impact: Introduced a scientific approach to evaluating student capabilities and

placed greater emphasis on individual differences in educational planning.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing)

Standardized Testing
3. Educational Measurement and Accountability

Description: The formalization of standardized tests to evaluate educational

standards and hold schools accountable for student performance.

Impact: Provided a mechanism for assessing and comparing educational

outcomes, influencing educational policy and practice.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing)

Industrial Influence on Education
1.Factory Model of Education

Description: Education systems modeled after

factory principles, emphasizing efficiency, routine,
and uniformity.

Impact: Reflected industrial values, preparing

students for factory work and contributing to the
development of standardized schooling practices.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing)

Industrial Influence on Education
2. Vocational Training

Description: Expansion of vocational and technical

education to equip students with skills needed for
industrial and manufacturing jobs.

Impact: Provided practical skills and training for

the industrial workforce, addressing the needs of
the growing economy
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing)

Industrial Influence on Education
3. School Infrastructure and Facilities

Description: Development of purpose-built school buildings, including

classrooms, libraries, and laboratories.

Impact: Improved the learning environment and supported the delivery of a

more structured and diverse curriculum.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing)

Social and Economic Impacts
1. Social Mobility and Education

Description: Increased access to education for children from

different social and economic backgrounds.

Impact: Enabled greater social mobility and contributed to the

development of a more educated and skilled workforce.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing)

Social and Economic Impacts
2. Educational Reforms

Description: Reforms aimed at improving educational quality and

accessibility, including efforts to reduce child labor and extend
schooling.

Impact: Helped to address social inequalities and improve overall

educational standards.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing)

Social and Economic Impacts
3. Role of Women and Minorities

Description: Gradual inclusion of women and minority groups in

educational opportunities.

Impact: Expanded access to education and contributed to social

change and the fight for equal rights.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing)

Modern era (e.g., inclusive education, global education systems)
Inclusive Education

1. Legislation and Policies

Description: Implementation of laws and policies to ensure that students with
disabilities and special needs receive appropriate education.

Impact: Promoted equal educational opportunities, improved accessibility, and

supported the integration of students with diverse needs into mainstream
classrooms.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing)

Modern era (e.g., inclusive education, global education systems)
2. Universal Design for Learning (UDL)
· Description: An educational framework that aims
to optimize teaching and learning by providing
multiple means of representation, expression, and
engagement.

· Impact: Enhanced learning experiences for all

students by accommodating various learning styles
and needs, fostering a more inclusive and
supportive learning environment.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing)

Modern era (e.g., inclusive education, global education systems)
3. Assistive Technology
· Description: Tools and devices designed to support
students with disabilities, such as text-to-speech
software, adaptive keyboards, and communication
devices.

· Impact: Improved access to educational materials and

participation in classroom activities, helping students
overcome barriers to learning.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing)

Modern era (e.g., inclusive education, global education systems)
4. Differentiated Instruction

· Description: Teaching strategies that tailor

instruction to meet the diverse needs of students,
including varied learning activities and
assessments.

• Impact: Enabled teachers to address individual

student needs and abilities, promoting
personalized learning and academic success
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Global Education Systems

1. International Educational Standards
· Description: Development of global frameworks and
standards to assess and compare educational systems, such as
the International Baccalaureate (IB) and the International
Standard Classification of Education (ISCED).

· Impact: Facilitated international comparisons of educational

quality and supported the development of globally recognized
qualifications.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Global Education Systems

2. Globalization and Education
· Description: Increased emphasis on global education, including
curricula that address global issues, multicultural perspectives, and
international collaboration.

· Impact: Prepared students for a globalized world by fostering

cross-cultural understanding, global citizenship, and international
cooperation.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Global Education Systems

3. Educational Technology and E-Learning
· Description: Adoption of digital tools and platforms for
teaching and learning, including online courses, virtual
classrooms, and educational apps.

· Impact: Expanded access to education, allowed for flexible and

remote learning, and facilitated global collaboration and
knowledge sharing.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Global Education Systems

4. International Exchange Programs
· Description: Programs that allow students and educators to
study, teach, or work abroad.

· Impact: Enhanced cultural exchange, provided international

experience, and broadened educational and professional
opportunities.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Global Education Systems

5. Focus on 21st-Century Skills
· Description: Emphasis on skills needed for success in the
modern world, including critical thinking, creativity,
communication, and collaboration.

· Impact: Prepared students for the complexities of the global

workforce and encouraged the development of competencies
beyond traditional academic knowledge.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Global Education Systems

6. Sustainable Development and Education

· Description: Integration of sustainability concepts into the
curriculum, promoting awareness and action on environmental
and social issues.

· Impact: Encouraged students to engage with global challenges,

such as climate change and social justice, and fostered a sense of
responsibility toward sustainable development.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Global Education Systems

7. Access and Equity Initiatives
· Description: Efforts to improve educational access and equity
for marginalized and underserved populations, including
initiatives to reduce educational disparities and promote social
inclusion.

· Impact: Worked toward reducing educational inequalities and

ensuring that all students have opportunities to succeed.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Emerging Trends
1. Personalized Learning
· Description: Education tailored to
individual student needs, interests, and
learning styles using data-driven
approaches and adaptive technologies.

• Impact: Increased engagement and

achievement by addressing each student’s
unique learning profile and providing
customized support.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Emerging Trends
2. Hybrid and Blended Learning
· Description: Combination of online and
face-to-face instruction, allowing for
flexibility in learning and teaching
methods.
· Impact: Provided a more flexible and
adaptable learning environment,
accommodating different learning
preferences and situations.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

Emerging Trends
3. Artificial Intelligence and Learning Analytics
· Description: Use of AI to enhance learning experiences, such as
through intelligent tutoring systems and learning analytics to
track and support student progress.

· Impact: Enabled more personalized and data-informed

educational practices, improving student outcomes and
instructional effectiveness.
 History and Development of Educational
Technology

End of the Lesson