ME 222
IC Engine
Presented By
Nahidul Islam Shadin
Lecturer
Department of EEE, DIU
Heat Engine
• A heat engine is a system that converts heat or thermal energy ( and
chemical energy ) to mechanical energy, which can then be used to do
mechanical work. It does this by bringing a working substance from a
higher state temperature to a lower state temperature. A heat "source"
generates thermal energy that brings the working substance to the
high temperature state. The working substance generates work in the
"working body" of the engine while transferring heat to the colder
"sink" until it reaches a low temperature state.
IC Engine
The Internal Combustion (IC) engines are those engines in which
the combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder.
These are Petrol, Diesel and Gas engines.
External Combustion Engine:
Steam engines or Steam turbines.
Transport
Vehicles
Engine
Power
Plant
Steam engines
Classification of IC Engine
1. According to the type of fuel used:
(a) Petrol engines, (b) Diesel engines, and (c) Gas engines.
2. According to the method of igniting the fuel:
(a) Spark Ignition (SI) engines, (b) Compression Ignition (CI)
engines, and (c) Hot spot ignition engines.
3. According to the number of stroke per cycle:
(a) Four stroke cycle engines, (b) Two stroke cycle engines.
4. According to the cycle of operation:
(a) Otto cycle engines, (b) Diesel cycle engines, and (c) Dual
combustion cycle engines.
5. According to the speed of the engine:
(a) Slow speed engines, (b) Medium speed engines, and (c)
High speed engines.
Classification of IC Engine
6. According to the Cooling system:
(a) Air-cooled engines, (b) Water-cooled engines, and (c) Evaporative
cooling engines.
7. According to the method of fuel injection:
(a) Carburetor engines, (b) Air injection engines, and (c) Airless or solid
injection engines.
8. According to the number of cylinder:
(a) Single cylinder engines, (b) Multi-cylinder engines.
9. According to the arrangement of cylinders:
(a) Vertical engines, (b) Horizontal engines, (c) Radial engines, (d) In-line multi-
cylinder engines, (e) V-type multi-cylinder engines, (f) Opposite-cylinder engines,
and (g) Opposite-piston engines.
10. According to the valve mechanism:
(a) Overhead valve engines, and (b) Side valve engines.
11. According to the method of Governing:
(a) Hit and miss governed engines, (b) Quantitatively governed engines, and
(c) Qualitatively governed engines.
Main components of IC engines
1. Cylinder
2. Cylinder Head
3. Piston
4. Piston rings
5. Connecting rod
6. Crankshaft
7. Crank case
8. Flywheel
9. Carburetor (in Petrol engine)
10. Spark plug (in Petrol engine)
11. Fuel injector (in Diesel engine)
Main components of IC engines
Working Principle of 4 Stroke
IC (Petrol and Diesel) Engines
1. Suction or Charging stroke, 2. Compression stroke,
3. Expansion or Working stroke and 4. Exhaust stroke
Compr
Expansion Suction Exhaust
ession
Diesel Engine
Petrol Engine
Actual Indicator Diagram of IC Engines
Valve Timing Diagram
Valve Timing Diagram
Working Principle of Two stroke Petrol Engines
Working Principle of Two stroke Diesel Engines
Indicator Diagram of Two stroke Petrol Engines
Scavenging
It is a process of removing the burnt gases from
the cylinder after combustion.
1. Cross-flow
2. Back flow/ Loop
3. Uniflow
Comparison of/ Difference between Petrol
and Diesel engines
15 to 25
Detonation in IC Engine
The loud pulsating noise heard within the engine cylinder is known
as detonation (also called knocking or pinking). It is caused due to
the propagation of a high speed pressure wave created by the auto
ignition of end portion of unburnt fuel. The blow of this pressure
wave may be of sufficient strength to break the piston. Thus, the
detonation is harmful to the engine and must be avoided.
Factors which causes detonation:
(i) The shape of the combustion chamber,
(ii) The relative position of the sparking plugs in case of SI
engines,
(iii) The chemical nature of the fuel,
(iv) The initial pressure and temperature of the fuel, and
(v) The rate of combustion of that portion of the fuel which is the
first to ignite. This portion of fuel in heating up, compresses the
remain unburnt fuel, thus producing the condition for auto
ignition to occur.
Detonation in IC Engine
The detonation in petrol engines can be suppressed or reduced
by the addition of a small amount of lead ethide or ethyl fluid to
the fuel. This is called doping.
Effects due to detonation:
(i) A loud pulsating noise which may be accompanied by a
vibration of the engine.
(ii) An increase in the heat lost to the surface of combustion
chamber.
(iii) An increase in carbon deposits.
Detonation & Knocking
Rating of Engine Fuel
Octane Number
The knocking tendency of a fuel in SI engines is generally
expressed by its octane number. The percentage, by volume, of
iso-octane in a mixture of iso-octane and normal heptane, which
exactly matches the knocking intensity of a given fuel, in a
standard engine.
Cetane Number
The property of ignition lag is generally measured in terms of
ocetane number. It is defined as the percentage, by volume,
of ocetane in a mixture of cetane (straight chain paraffin)
and alpha-methyl-napthalene that produce the same ignition
lag as the fuel being tested, in the same engine and under
the same operating conditions.
Carburetor
Carburetor is a device for atomizing and vaporizing the fuel
and mixing it with the air in varying proportions to suit the
charging operating conditions of the engine. The process of
breaking up and mixing the fuel with the air is called
carburetion.
Self Study
1. Lubrication System (26.33, Page: 602)
2. Cooling System (26.32, Page: 601)
Gas Turbine
In a gas turbine, first of all, the air is obtained from the atmosphere
and compressed in an air compressor. The compressed air is then
passed into the combustion chamber, where it is heated considerably.
The hot air is then made to flow over the moving blades of the gas
turbine, which imparts rotational motion to the runner. During the
process, the air gets expanded and finally it is exhausted into the
atmosphere.
A major part of the power developed by the turbine is consumed for
driving the compressor. The remaining power is utilized for ding some
external work.
Gas Turbine
Comparison of Gas turbine and IC engines
Gas turbine IC engines
1. The mass of gas turbine per kW 1. The mass of an IC engine per kW
developed is less. developed is more.
2. The installation and running cost is 2. The installation and running cost is
less. more.
3. Its efficiency is high. 3. Its efficiency is less.
4. The balancing of gas turbine is 4. The balancing of an IC engine is not
perfect. perfect.
5. Torque produced is uniform. 5. Torque produced is not uniform.
6. Lubrication and ignition system are 6. Lubrication and ignition system are
simple. difficult.
7. It can be driven at very high speed. 7. It can not be driven at very high
8. The pressure used are very low. speed.
9. Exhaust from gas turbine is free 8. The pressure used are high.
from smoke and less polluting. 9. Exhaust from IC engine is more
10. Starting is not simple. polluting.
10. Starting of an IC engine is simple.
Gas Turbine Classification
Gas turbine may be classified as
(i) According to path of the working substance:
a) Closed cycle gas turbines, b) Open cycle gas turbines, and c)
Semi-closed gas turbine.
(ii) According to process of heat absorption
a) Constant pressure gas turbines, and b) Constant volume gas
turbines.
