Lecturer No.
5
Building Construction
Engineering, CE-120
Dr. Mohammad Ashraf, Professor (UET, Peshawar)
Lecture edited by: Engr. Kamran Aziz, Lecturer,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Ghandhara Institute of Science and Technology, Peshawar
Lecturer Outlines
Deep Foundation:
General Introduction
Types of Deep Foundations
Cast-in-Place and Driven Piles
Pile Cap
Pile Load Test
Pile-raft System
General Introduction
Foundations having length L/B ratio i.e. (length or depth of
foundation to its width or diameter) ≥ 4, are called Deep
Foundations.
Deep foundation in Broad term is actually known as Pile Foundation.
Deep foundation are provided when the underlying foundation soil is
incapable of supporting the load from superstructure.
Deep foundations are provided sufficiently below the ground surface.
Deep foundations are usually provided in the form of group of piles
supporting a pile cap.
Capacity of a group of pile is less than sum of the capacities of the
individual piles due to interaction between the individual piles.
Pile-raft system may be provided in which the load from
superstructure is shared between raft and piles.
General Introduction
Foundations having length L/B ratio i.e. (length or depth of
foundation to its width or diameter) ≥ 4, are called Deep
Foundations.
Deep foundation in Broad term is actually known as Pile Foundation.
Deep foundation are provided when the underlying foundation soil is
incapable of supporting the load from superstructure.
Deep foundations are provided sufficiently below the ground surface.
Deep foundations are usually provided in the form of group of piles
supporting a pile cap.
Capacity of a group of pile is less than sum of the capacities of the
individual piles due to interaction between the individual piles.
Pile-raft system may be provided in which the load from
superstructure is shared between raft and piles.
Pile Foundations
Application of Piles……..
The piles are applicable at the places where,
Heavy and non-uniform loads from superstructure are imposed.
The subsoil water level is likely to rise or fall appreciably.
The pumping of subsoil water is too costly for keeping the foundation
trench in dry condition.
The construction of raft foundation is likely to be very expensive or it
is likely to practically impossible.
When there is the possibility of scouring, due to its location near the
river bed or seashore, etc.
The piles are also used as anchors. They may be designed to give
lateral support or to resist an upward pressure of uplift pressure.
Pile Foundations
Application of Piles……..
The piles are applicable at the places where,
When the groundwater table is high.
Other types of foundations are costlier or not feasible.
When the soil at shallow depth is compressible.
Pile Application
Very Large Concentrated
Large Distributed Weight
Low
Weight
Weight
Soft to
Firm Clay
Strong Rock
Deep (Pile) Foundations
Classification;
Piles are generally classified into the following categories.
1. According to Function
a) End bearing piles
b) Friction piles
c) friction-cum-bearing piles
2. According to material
a) Wood (Timber) Piles
b) Steel Piles
c) Concrete piles
3. According to construction
a) Cast-in-place piles
b) Driven piles
4. Isolated Pile, Group Piles
Classification of Piles
According to Functions
End Bearing Pile
It bear the load coming from the structure.
The Piles are generally driven vertically or in
near vertical position.
This piles penetrate through the soft soil and
their bottoms rest on a hard bed. Thus, they are
end bearing piles.
Transmit most of their loads to the load
bearing layer (dense sand or rock).
Classification of Piles
According to Functions
Friction Pile
Transmit most of their load through the layers
through which the piles pass, i.e., mostly
through the surface friction with the
surrounding soils.
When loose soil extends to a great depth, the
piles are driven up to such a depth that the
frictional resistance developed at the sides of
the piles equals the load coming on the piles.
Pure friction piles tend to be quite long, since
the load-carrying capacity is a function of the
area in contact with the soil.
In cohesion less soils, such as sands of medium
to low density, friction piles are often used to
increase the density and thus the shear
Classification of Piles
According to Functions
Friction-cum-bearing Piles;
The piles which rest on a hard strata and
resist the structural load partly by bearing
and partly by their skin friction are known
as friction-cum-bearing piles.
Pbase
Classification of Piles
According to Material
Timber piles;
Timber piles are made of tree trunks driven with small end as a point
Top of these piles is provided with iron ring to prevent from splitting under
blows of hammer and bottom is fitted with iron shoe to facilitate sinking of
piles.
Advantages:
Comparatively low initial cost
Easy to handle
Best suited for friction piles in granular material
Disadvantages:
Vulnerable to damage in hard driving
Vulnerable to decay unless treated with preservatives
The useful life will be short
Classification of Piles
According to Material
Steel piles;
Max length: practically unlimited,
The members are usually rolled H shapes/pipe piles. Wide flange beams & I beams
proportioned to withstand the hard driving stress to which the pile may be
subjected, pipe piles are either welded or seamless steel pipes, which may be
driven either open ended or closed end.
Advantages:
Easy to splice
High capacity and small displacement
Able to penetrate through light obstructions
Best suited for end bearing on rock
Disadvantages:
Vulnerable to corrosion Steel
Steel
High cost and noisy driving. Pipe
Pipe Steel
Steel H
H
Classification of Piles
According to Material
Steel Piles
Steel tube piles are fitted with conical cast
iron shoes are driven into the ground and then
hollow space is filled with concrete. These
piles are known as steel pin piles or
tubular piles.
Steel piles are also available in the form of Tubular Sheet Piles
steel sheets which are known as sheet piles. Piles
Sometimes cost iron disc is also attached to
the foot of steel piles are known as disc
piles.
In case, cast iron broad bladed screw is
attached instead of cast iron disc, the piles
are called screw piles.
Disc Piles Screw piles
Classification of Piles
According to Material
Concrete piles;
These piles are strong and durable and can bear more load
than timber piles.
These are free from defects and can not attacked by insects.
These are also fire proof and water proof.
Concrete piles may be precast, pre-stressed, cast in place, or
of composite construction. Concrete
Concrete
Composite piles;
In general, a composite pile is made up of two or more sections
of different materials or different pile types.
These piles have limited application and are employed under
special conditions.
Composite
Composite
Classification of Piles
According to Construction
Precast concrete (Driven) piles
Precast piles may be made using ordinary
reinforcement or they may be pre-stressed.
Precast piles using ordinary reinforcement are
designed to resist bending stresses during
picking up & transport to the site & bending
moments from lateral loads and to provide
sufficient resistance to vertical loads.
Pre-stressed piles are formed by tensioning high
strength steel pre-stress cables, and casting the
concrete about the cable. When the concrete
hardens, the pre-stress cables are cut, with the
tension force in the cables now producing
compressive stress in the concrete pile.
Classification of Piles
According to Construction
Cost in-place piles
Cost-in-Situ(Place) piles are constructed at their location
in a bore hole prepared for this purpose.
The operation consist of boring a hole, filling it with only
concrete or with steel reinforcement and concrete.
Classification of Piles
According to Construction
Cost in-place piles
Home Assignment
Some common cast-in-situ concrete piles i.e. simplex
pile, pedestal or bulb pile, Franki pile and Raymond
concrete pile.
Batter piles, Guide piles
Construction of piles
Cast-in-place Piles
These piles, very common in Pakistan, are cast at
the site producing less disturbance in the
neighborhood.
These are suitable for granular soil with larger
diameter (up to 5000 mm).
These piles are difficult to install in case of smaller
diameter (less than 400 mm) due to installation
difficulty.
Casing pipe may or may not be required in the
borehole.
Bentonite slurry is usually used in place of casing
pipe.
Construction of piles (Cont...)
Cast-in-place Piles
Stages of Installation:
Setting of piles location
Preparation of rig movement plan
Bore drilling to the required length
Placement of Reinforcement cage
Pouring of concrete in the borehole.
Pile cap is cast in place in case of pile
group.
Construction of piles (Conti..)
Pile Cap
The purpose of pile cap is to distribute loads
from super structure evenly among piles.
Pile cap are provided in different shape
depending upon the number of piles.
Depth of the pile cap depends upon the load
from super structure and the number of piles.
Pile reinforcement shall be anchored in the
pile cap
Construction of piles (Conti..)
Driven piles
Driven piles (precast piles) are prefabricated
elements (timber, steel or concrete), which are
driven into the ground by:
Percussion
Pressing or
Vibration
This type of pile is suitable for soft soils and not
suitable for soils with boulders
Pile driving may cause disturbance to the
surrounding structures.
Pile Load Test
ASTM D 1143-81
Piles design are based on the design load and
subsurface parameters (type of soil, cohesion, friction
angle)
To verify the capacity of pile, a pile selected from a
number of piles may be tested before construction of
piles.
Pile load test may be:
Vertical pile load test (static or dynamic)
Lateral pile load test
Pullout pile test
Pile Load Test (Conti..)
Single pile and pile group is tested respectively up to
200% and 150% of its design capacity
The load increment is 25% of design capacity in case
of both single and pile group.
Each load increment is maintained till the settlement
rate is less than 0.25 mm per hour but no longer
than 2 hours.
If the pile or group has not failed, keep the total load
for at least 12 hours if the settlement rate is less
than 0.25 mm per hour otherwise keep the load for
24 hours
The load is then removed in decrement of 25% of the
design capacity with one hour between decrement.
Pile-Raft System
In Pile-raft system the load from superstructure is shared
between piles and raft
The main problem in the design of pile-raft system is the
determination of load shared by piles and raft.
Three-dimensional numerical modeling considering pile-soil
interaction, pile-raft interaction and raft-soil interaction is
required.
To avoid such complexity in the design, the designer usually
ignored the load shared by raft and design the pile for total
super structure load.
