Name and describe the three main parts of the cell

Describe the processes that transport substances

across the plasma membrane
CELLS
Smallest living unit
of a multicellular
organism
Most are
microscopic
> 200 different
kinds of human
cells
DISCOVERY OF CELLS
Robert Hooke (1665)
Observed sliver of cork
Saw “row of empty boxes”
Coined the term cell
CELL THEORY
(1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias
Schleiden
“ all living things are made of cells”

(50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow

“all cells come from cells”
 PRINCIPLES OF CELL THEORY
All living things are made of
cells

Smallest living unit of

structure and function of all
organisms is the cell

All cells arise from preexisting

cells
(this principle discarded the
idea of
spontaneous generation)
CELL SIZE
Cells Have Large Surface
Area-to-Volume Ratio
CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY
CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL CELLS
A surrounding membrane
Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
Organelles – structures for cell function
Control center with DNA
CELL TYPES
Prokaryotic
A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound
nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.
Prokaryotes are divided into two domains, Archaea and Bacteria.

Eukaryotic
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
First cell type on earth
Cell type of Bacteria
No membrane bound nucleus
Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
Organelles not bound by membranes
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Nucleus bound by membrane
Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells
Possess many organelles

Protozoan
REPRESENTATIVE ANIMAL
CELL
THE CELL

3 main parts of the cell:

-The plasma membrane : form the
cell’s flexible outer surface, plays a
key role in communication
-The cytoplasm: cytosol + organelles
-The nucleus: chromosome contains
thousands of hereditary units called
genes
ORGANELLES
Cellular machinery
Two general kinds
Derived from membranes
Bacteria-like organelles
BACTERA –LIKE ORGANELLES
Derived from symbiotic bacteria

Ancient association

Endosymbiotic theory
Evolution of modern cells from cells
& symbiotic bacteria
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Contains cell contents
Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
CELL MEMBRANE

TEM picture of a real cell membrane

TEM : transmission electron microscopy.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Polar
Hydrophylic head
Hydrophobic tail

Interacts with
water
MOVEMENT ACROSS THE PLASMA
MEMBRANE

A few molecules move freely

Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen

Carrier proteins transport some molecules

Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer
Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of
a lipid bilayer with proteins
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
1. Channels or transporters
Move molecules in one direction

2. Receptors
Recognize certain chemicals
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
3. Glycoproteins
Identify cell type

4. Enzymes
Catalyze production of substances
 GLYCOCALYX
Protection
Cushions the plasma membrane
and protects it from chemical
injury
Immunity to infection
Enables the immune system to
recognize and selectively attack
foreign organisms
Defense against cancer
Changes in the glycocalyx of
cancerous cells enable the immune
system to recognize and destroy
them
Structure of endothelial glycocalyx
Transplant compatibility
GLYCOCALYX
GLYCOCALYX
Forms the basis for compatibility of blood
transfusions, tissue grafts, and organ transplants
Cell adhesion
Binds cells together so that tissues do not fall apart
Inflammation regulation
Glycocalyx coating on endothelial walls in blood
vessels prevents leukocytes from rolling/binding in
healthy states
Fertilization: enables sperm to recognize and bind to
eggs
Embryonic development: guides embryonic cells to
their destinations in the body
CELL WALL
Found in plants, fungi, & many protists
Surrounds plasma membrane
CELL WALL DIFFERENCES
Plants – mostly cellulose
Fungi – contain chitin
CYTOPLASM
Viscous fluid containing organelles
 components of cytoplasm
Interconnected filaments & fibers
Fluid = cytosol (water portion of cytoplasm)
Organelles (not nucleus)
 storage substances
CYTOSOL
Functions (many in conjunction with other
processes)
Cell signaling
Cytokinesis
Protein synthesis
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
CYTOSKELETON
Filaments & fibers

Made of 3 fiber
types
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate
filaments
 3 functions:
 mechanical support
 anchor organelles
 help move
substances
A = actin, IF = intermediate filament, MT = microtubule
CILIA & FLAGELLA
Provide motility
Cilia
Short
Used to move
substances outside
human cells
Flagella
Whip-like extensions
Found on sperm cells
 Basal bodies like
centrioles
CILIA & FLAGELLA STRUCTURE
Bundles of microtubules
With plasma membrane
CENTRIOLES
Pairs of microtubular structures
Play a role in cell division
MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES
Functional components within cytoplasm
Bound by membranes
NUCLEUS

Control center of
cell

Double membrane

Contains
Chromosomes
Nucleolus
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

Separates nucleus from rest of cell

Double membrane

Has pores
DNA
Hereditary material

Chromosomes
DNA
Proteins
Form for cell division
 Chromatin
NUCLEOLUS
Most cells have 2 or more
Directs synthesis of RNA
Forms ribosomes
CELL TO CELL JUNCTION
TIGHT JUNCTION

Prevents integral protein migration

Maintains polarity of cells that utilize them
Prevents passage of substance between cell membranes
 CELL TO CELL JUNCTION
DESMOSOMES
zonula adherens & macula
adherens
Function in providing strong
attachments between adjacent
lateral membranes
Difference is in continuity
Zonula (zone) is around the
apical region of tightly
packed cells (epithelial)
Macula (spot) occurs in
spots on the lateral
membranes of adjacent
cells
CELL TO CELL JUNCTION
CELL-MATRIX JUNCTION
Focal Adhesions & Hemidesmosomes
Attach to underlying extracellular
matrix
Focal adhesion
Transmembrane protein
integrin interacts with fibers
such as collagen to anchor
the membrane
Cytoplasmic fibers (actin)
interact with the integrin to
provide intracellular stability
Hemidesmosomes
Attach epithelials to underlying
basement [Link] to
“regular” desmosomes, but only ½
and use integrins instead of
CELL TO CELL JUNCTION
GAP JUNCTION

Gap Junction Structure

Transmembrane proteins called
connexons form “channels”
between adjacent cells
Function
Communication by allowing
ions to flow from cell to cell
very quickly
Form electrical synapses in
neural tissue
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Helps move substances within cells

Network of interconnected membranes

Two types
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ROUGH ER
Ribosomes attached to surface
Manufacture proteins (glycoprotein)
Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
May modify proteins from ribosomes
SMOOTH RE
No attached ribosomes
Has enzymes that help build molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
SMOOTH ER
Synthesizes lipid
Detoxifies poison: add –OH group to toxins
allowing them to be more water soluble and
flushed from the body
Stores Calcium
Glucose formation: coverts non-
carbohydrates into glucose
GOLGI APPARATUS
Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
Packaging & shipping station of cell
GOLGI APPARATUS FUNCTION

1. Molecules come
in vesicles

2. Vesicles fuse with

Golgi membrane

3. Molecules may be
modified by Golgi
apparatus
GOLGI APPARATUS FUNCTION
4. Molecules pinched-
off in separate vesicle

5. Vesicle leaves Golgi

apparatus

6. Vesicles may
combine with plasma
membrane to secrete
contents
LYSOSOMES
Contain digestive enzymes
Functions
Aid in cell renewal
Break down old cell parts
Digests invaders
LYSOSOME
PEROXISOME
VACUOLES
Membrane bound storage sacs
More common in plants than animals
Contents
Water
Food
wastes
BACTERIA-LIKE ORGANELLES
Release & store energy

Types
Mitochondria
(release energy)
Chloroplasts
(store energy)
MITOCHONDRIA
Have their own DNA
Bound by double membrane
MITOCHONDRIA

Break down fuel molecules (cellular

respiration)
Glucose
Fatty acids

Release energy
ATP
Self-replicative
CHLOROPLASTS
Derived form photosynthetic bacteria
Solar energy capturing organelle
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Takes place in the chloroplast
Makes cellular food – glucose
Review of Eukaryotic Cells
Review of Eukaryotic Cells
 Molecule Movement & Cells

1. Passive Transport
a) Diffusion
b) Osmosis
2. Active Transport
a) Carrier Proteins
b) Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
c) Exocytosis
Secretory Vesicles
Excretory Vacuoles
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
No energy required

Move due to gradient

differences in concentration, pressure, charge

Move to equalize gradient

High moves toward low
TYPES OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT
1. Diffusion

2. Osmosis

3. Facilitated diffusion
DIFFUSION
Molecules move to equalize concentration
OSMOSIS
Special form of
diffusion
Osmosis is diffusion
through a
semipermeable
membrane.
Fluid flows from lower
solute concentration
Often involves
movement of water
Into cell
Out of cell
SOLUTION DIFFERENCES &
CELLS
 solvent + solute = solution
Hypotonic
Solutes in cell more than outside
Outside solvent will flow into cell
Isotonic
Solutes equal inside & out of cell
Hypertonic
Solutes greater outside cell
Fluid will flow out of cell
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
Differentially permeable membrane
Channels (are specific) help molecule or
ions enter or leave the cell
Channels usually are transport proteins
(aquaporins facilitate the movement of
water)
No energy is used
PROCESS OF FACILITATED
TRANSPORT
Protein binds with molecule
Shape of protein changes
Molecule moves across membrane
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Molecular movement
Requires energy (against gradient)
Example is sodium-potassium pump
SODIUM PUMP
Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) are at equilibrium (diffusion).
This nerve cell would be inactive.
The receptor site (sodium pump) collects sodium (Na) ions.
ATP activated the “sodium” pump.
Sodium gets transported against the diffusion gradient and
potassium (K) load onto the carrier molecule and go inside the
cell
ACTVE TRANSPORT
Ion assisted transport Molecules or ions help
the substance getting transported to get
across the membrane.
Receptor Site (gate) assisted transport The
shape and attractions of the receptor (gate)
help the substance getting transported to get
across the membrane.
Energy assisted transport Energy to help
transport substances is received from ATP,
helping the substance getting transported to
get across the membrane.
ENDOCYTOSIS
Movement of large material
Particles
Organisms
Large molecules
Movement is into cells
 Types of endocytosis
 bulk-phase (nonspecific)
 receptor-mediated (specific)
Process of Endocytosis
Plasma membrane surrounds material
Edges of membrane meet
Membranes fuse to form vesicle
Forms of Endocytosis
Phagocytosis – cell eating
Pinocytosis – cell drinking
EXOCYTOSIS
Reverse of endocytosis
Cell discharges material
EXOCYTOSIS
Vesicle moves to cell surface
Membrane of vesicle fuses
Materials expelled