Introduction to
Database
Management
Systems (DBMS)
Database Management Systems (DBMS) are software applications
that allow users to create, manage, and interact with databases.
They provide a structured way to store, organize, and retrieve data,
making it easier to access and analyze information.
by Iqbal wali
Database
• A database is an organized collection of data that is stored
and accessed electronically.
• Databases allow users to store, retrieve, and manage data
efficiently.
• They are commonly used in a wide variety of applications,
from business systems to websites, and they can handle large
volumes of data in an orderly and structured manner.
Data and Information
1 Data 2 Information
Raw, unprocessed facts Data that has been
and figures that can be processed, organized,
collected and stored. and presented in a
meaningful way to
support decision-
making.
3 Data Management
The process of collecting, storing, and maintaining data
to ensure its accuracy, availability, and security.
Databases and DBMS
Databases DBMS Benefits
Organized collections of data Software that enables users to Improved data management,
stored in a structured way, create, manage, and interact data integrity, security, and
allowing for efficient storage, with databases, providing tools scalability, as well as the ability
retrieval, and management. for data manipulation, query to perform complex queries and
processing, and security. analysis.
Data Models
Hierarchical Network
organizes information in a organizes data as a graph with
tree-like structure, with a nodes (records) and edges
single root element and (relationships). It allows
parent-child relationships. many-to-many relationships
Data is stored in nested levels, between entities, offering
where each child has only one more flexibility than
parent. hierarchical models
Relationship
organizes data into tables (relations) with rows (tuples) and
columns (attributes). It uses keys to establish relationships between
tables, allowing for efficient data retrieval and manipulation.
Hierarchical Data Model
1 Root Entity
The top-level entity in the hierarchy, with no parent.
2 Child Entities
Entities that are subordinate to a parent entity,
with a one-to-many relationship.
3 Traversal
Data is accessed by navigating through the
hierarchy, following the parent-child relationships.
Relational Data Model
Tables Relationships Querying
The basic unit of a relational Connections between tables, Data is accessed and
database, organized into rows expressed through the use of manipulated using SQL
(tuples) and columns primary and foreign keys. (Structured Query Language), a
(attributes). standard language for relational
databases.
Relational DBMS
Terminologies: Relation,
Tuple, Attribute
Relation Tuple
A table in a relational A row in a relational table,
database, representing a representing a single
specific logical data structure instance or record of data
for organizing information. within the relation.
Attribute
A column in a relational table, defining a specific characteristic or
property of the data within each tuple.
Relational DBMS
Terminologies: Schema,
Instance, Keys
1 Schema
The overall design and structure of the database, including
the tables, attributes, and relationships.
2 Instance
The actual data stored in the database, based on the defined schema.
3 Keys
Unique identifiers that help establish relationships between
tables, including primary and foreign keys.
Relational DBMS Terminologies: Primary Key, Foreign
Key
Primary Key Foreign Key Referential Integrity
A unique identifier for each row in a A column in one table that refers to The concept of ensuring that the
table, used to ensure data integrity the primary key of another table, values in the foreign key column
and facilitate relationships. allowing for the establishment of match those in the primary key
relationships. column of the referenced table.
Relational DBMS
Terminologies:
Primary Key Ensures uniqueness and non-
nullability of a column or set
of columns.
Unique Ensures that the values in a
column or set of columns are
unique.
Not Null Ensures that a column cannot
contain a null value.
Check Ensures that the values in a
column or set of columns
meet a specified condition.
