I. Newton (1643-1727) G. W.
Leibniz (1646-1716)
INTEGRALS CHAPTER 8
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
TABLE OF ANTIDERIVATIVE FORMULAS
TECHNIQUE
Substitution rules
u = u(x)
=> du = u’(x)dx
Integration by parts
THE SUBSTITUTION RULE
u = u(x)
du = u’(x)dx
f(u)du = f(u(x))u’(x)dx
For example,
sin(x3 + 5)(3x2)dx
u(x) u’(x)dx
= sin(u)du
= -cos(u) + C
DO YOURSELF
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Examples.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
APPLICATIONS
amount of change
Rate of change of F(x)
APPLICATIONS
amount of change
Rate of change of F(x)
APPLICATIONS
Change of position, or displacement
Example. The velocity function (in meters per second) is
v(t) = 3t – 5, 0 t 3, for a particle moving along a line.
Find
(a) the displacement and
(b) the distance traveled by the particle during the given time interval.
CONSUMER SURPLUS
The consumer surplus represents the amount of money saved by
consumers in purchasing the commodity at price P,
corresponding to an amount demanded of X.
EXAMPLE
The demand for a product, in dollars, is:
Find the consumer surplus when the sales is 500.
DO YOURSELF
PRODUCER SURPLUS
TOTAL SURPLUS
IMPROPER INTEGRAL Section 8.3
IMPROPER INTEGRALS
Type 1: infinite intervals
,,
Type 2: discontinuous Integrands
IMPROPER INTEGRALS
Type 1 Type 2
Infinite Discontinuous Integrands
intervals Unbounded Integrands
And many types
….
∞ 𝑡
TYPE 1 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥=lim
𝑡 →∞
∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
CONVERGENT AND DIVERGENT
The improper integrals f ( x) dx
a
is called:
Convergent (hội tụ) if the corresponding limit exists.
Divergent (phân kì) if the limit does not exist.
EXERCISES
Evaluate the following improper integrals
i. dx ii.
iii. dx iv. dx
v. vi. dx
EXAMPLE 1
Consider the improper integral
By computer: 95.07802666
992.7843924
2991.686446
Guess: // diverges
EXAMPLE 2
Consider the improper integral
By computer: 0.7753984965
0.7843981635
0.7850648295
Guess: a number // converges
IMPORTANT INTEGRAL
p > 1: converges
p 1: diverges
𝑏 𝑡
TYPE 2 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥=𝑡lim
→𝑏
∫
−
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
EXAMPLE
DO YOURSELF
TEST FOR IMPROPER INTEGRALS
Comparison
Integral
Equivalent function
COMPARISON TEST
QUICK QUIZ
COMPARISON WITH
= divergent
COMPARISON. DO YOURSELF
APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRAL
PROBABILITY
Probability density function
PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION
AVERAGE VALUES
the mean of any probability density function f is defined
to be
the long-run average value of the
random variable X
a measure of centrality of the probability
density function
NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS
THANKS
