Mathematical structure for

Computer Science
 UNIT I

Matrices
– Introduction
– Determination
– Inverse of a matrix
– Rank of a Matrix
– Eigen value Problems
 UNIT II

System of Simultaneous Linear algebraic Equation

– Gauss elimination
– Gauss Jordon
– Gauss Seidal methods
 UNIT III
Numerical Differentiations
– Newton‘s forward Difference
– Backward Difference
– Starling formula
Numerical Integration
– Trapezoidal Rule
– Simpson‘s rule
 UNIT IV

Measures of central tendency

– Mean Median and Mode
– Relationship among mean media and mode.
Measures of dispersion
– Range
– quartile deviation
– Standard deviation
 UNIT V

Regression and Correlation

– Types of relationship
– Linear regression
– linear Correlation
– Coefficient of correlation
– Regression equation of variables
 TEXT BOOKS

1 . Engineering Mathematics, Volume II, Dr M.K. Venkataraman, National Publishing Company, Chennai.
(Unit I)
2. Numerical Methods in Science & Engineering, M.K. Venkataraman, National Publishing Company,
Chennai, Revised Edition -2005 (Unit II & III)
3. Business Statistics, S.P. Gupta & M.P. Gupta, Sultan Chand and Sons (Unit IV & V)
 UNIT I

Matrix

Matrix is an arrangement of elements (numbers) in rows and columns.

The numbers are enclosed by parentheses or brackets or double bars

For example,

1.
2.
3.
are all matrices.
 If a salesman has the following sales record during three months for three items A, B and C the same cr De
written in a matrix form as given below:

Month Sales in units

A B C

Jan. 90 100 20

Feb. 130 50 40

Mar 60 100 30
 2.Importance

As matrix enables compact presentation and facilitates smooth manipulations, it is used in many fields of study. It is
convenient for computer operations also.
The common operations of
Addition

Multiplication

Transposition

inversion, etc., are possible and simple in matrix algebra.

 3. Notation

 Capital letters A,B,C, ………. are used to denote matrices.

 Small letters a,b,c,... with two subscripts denote the elements. The first subscript indicates the row while
the second indicates he column in which the element appears
The general of a matrix is

A=
 4. Order of matrix

In linear algebra, the order of a matrix refers to the number of rows and columns in the matrix. A matrix with
m rows and n columns is said to have an order of m x n.
For example, consider the following matrix:
A= 1 2 3
4 5 6
This matrix has 2 rows and 3 columns, so its order is 2 x 3
 TYPES OF MATRICES

Square matrix: A square matrix is a matrix where the number of rows is equal to the number of columns.
For example,
A=

is a 3 x 3 square matrix.

Diagonal matrix: A diagonal matrix is a square matrix where all the non-diagonal elements are zero. For
example,
D=

is a diagonal matrix.

 TYPES OF MATRICES

Unit or Identity matrix: An identity matrix is a diagonal matrix where all the diagonal elements are 1. For
example,
I=

is a 3 x 3 identity matrix.

 TYPES OF MATRICES

 Zero or Null matrix : If all the elements of a matrix are zeros,it is called zero or null matrix


 3*3 matrix
 TYPES OF MATRICES

 Row matrix: If there is only one row is called row matrix

 Eg : A= [10 ,32, 44]

 Column matrix : If there is only one column is called column matrix

 Eg: A=
 TYPES OF MATRICES

Upper triangular matrix: An upper triangular matrix is a square matrix where all the elements below the
diagonal are zero. For example,
U=

is an upper triangular matrix.

Lower triangular matrix: A lower triangular matrix is a square matrix where all the elements above the
diagonal are zero. For example,
L=

is a lower triangular matrix.

 TYPES OF MATRICES

Symmetric matrix: A symmetric matrix is a square matrix where the elements are symmetric across the
diagonal. For example,
S=

is a symmetric matrix.

 TYPES OF MATRICES

 Equal matrix: Two matrices A= ((are equal if and only if

1. They have same order
2. The elements at the corresponding places are equal

 Eg 1 : if A = and B = , A= B
 Eg 2: if A = and B= , A=B implies x=10 & y= 14
 TYPES OF MATRICES

 Equivalent matrices: Two matrices A and B of the same order are said to be
equivalent if one of them can be obtained from the other by elementary
transformations

 A
 TYPES OF MATRICES

 Scalar matrix : A diagonal matrix in which all the elements in the diagonal are equal is called a scalar
matrix
 TYPES OF MATRICES

 Non singular matrix: A square matrix A is said to be non-singular if |A|

 Orthogonal matrix: A square matrix A is said to be an orthogonal matrix if A’A=AA’=I

 Submatrix: A matrix obtained by deleting one or more rows or one or more columns (or both)
is a sub matrix of a given matrix
Eg: If A = , [9 10 15], and [41] are a sub matrices of A
 TYPES OF MATRICES

 Skew Symmetric matrix: A square matrix such that for all i and j is called a skew symmetric
matrix.

 A’=-A
 Matrix Operations

 Addition

 Subtraction

 Scalar Multiplication

 Multiplication

 Transpose
 Addition

 Eg: If A = B =

 A+B = B+A =
 Subtraction

 Eg : If A = and B =

 A- B =

 B-A =

 A-B B-A
 Scalar Multiplication

 Eg: If A = and B = , show that 5(A+B)= 5A+5B

 Eg: If A = , B = and C = find a and b when 2A+5B = C

 Multiplication

 Eg: If A = (2 3 5) and B =

 Eg: If A = and B = find AB

 Transpose

 Let A be a matrix of order m*n. the transpose of A is denoted by A’ or

 Eg: Verify that When A = and B =

 A System of Linear Equations

 and

 A = = coefficient matrix

 X= = unknown vectors

 C = = constant vectors
 Determinants

 With each square matrix A we can associate a determinant

 The determinant of a matrix is denoted by det(A) or |A|, where A is the matrix.

Let's calculate the determinant of a 3x3 matrix A
A =

Using the expansion by minors formula, we can choose the first row to expand the determinant:
det(A) = 1 * det([]) - 2 * det([]) + 3 * det([])
where each minor is a 2x2 matrix obtained by deleting the row and column containing the chosen element.
We can calculate the determinants of these minors as follows:
det() = 5*9 - 6*8 = 3
det() = 4*9 - 6*7 = -6
det() = 4*8 - 5*7 = -3
Substituting these values back into the expansion formula, we get:
det(A) = 1 * 3 - 2 * (-6) + 3 * (-3) = 0
Eg 2

𝑎 𝑏
=𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑑
 Minor and Cofactor

 Minor of an element of a determinant is the value of the lower order

determinant obtained by deleting the row and the column which contain the
element.
 Denoted by

 Depending on the position of an element, the minor itself is the cofactor or the
minor with change in sign is the cofactor
 Take 2*2 matrix

 Eg :

ELEMENT MINOR COFACTOR

= =

= =

= =

= =
SIMILARLY, TAKE 3*3 MATRIX

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
 Eg : find the minor & cofactor of all
the elements of

 Solution:

ELEMENT MINOR COFACTOR

3 0 0

2 5 -5

5 2 -2

0 3 3
 Eg :

 Find the minor & cofactor of all the elements of

ELEMENT MINOR COFACTOR
5 21
6 6
7 2
0 -26
1 59
-3 -32
-2 -25
4 15
9 5
INVERSE OF A MATRIX

The inverse of a matrix is another matrix that, when multiplied by

the original matrix, results in the identity matrix. The inverse of a
matrix is useful for solving systems of linear equations, finding the
adjoint of a matrix, and performing other mathematical operations.
 To find the inverse of a matrix, we use a specific
formula that involves calculating the determinant and the adjoint of
the matrix. If the determinant is non-zero, then the matrix has an
inverse, and we can use the formula to find it.
Consider the matrix A:
A =

To find the inverse of A,

we first need to check if it is invertible
We can do this by calculating the determinant of A:
det(A) = [(2 * 3) - (1 * 4) ]= 6 - 4 = 2
Since the determinant is non-zero, A is invertible.
Next, we can find the inverse of A using the following formula:

A-1 = (Adj A)

Where adj(A) is the classical adjoint of A, which is obtained by taking the transpose of the
matrix of cofactors of A.
cof(A) =

adj(A) =

A-1 = ( )*

 =
Therefore, the inverse of A is:
A-1 =
METHOD I

Example 1
Find the inverse of
Solution

Let A=
Therefore, |A| = ad – bc
= , adj A =
:

= adj A
Example 2

Find the inverse of the matrix

Solution

Let A =
Therefore, =
Elements Minors Cofactors
1 =2 2

3 =6 -6

0 =4 4

0 =-21 21

4 =-7 -7

-6 =8 -8

-1 =-18 -18

5 =-6 6

-7 =4 4
Therefore, adj A =

Based on the first row, [ 1 0 -1]

|A| = (1)
= 1(-28+30) – 0 – 1(-18-0)
= 1(2)-1 (-18)
= 2+18
= 20
So, Inverse Matrix = adj A
= *
METHOD II

 Find from an equation aA+ bI = 0 or given

equation is to be rewritten after multiplying by
and substituting for for A , etc.,
Example 1

 If 10A -50I =0 and A = , find

Solution

Consider 10A -50I =0 --------------------------------------(1)

Post multiply by ,
10A -50I= 0 *
10I – 50 =0

50
I
I
*

=
Rank of a Matrix :

 The rank of a matrix is a measure of its linear independence and can be

calculated using various methods such as row echelon form, reduced row echelon form, and
determinants. The rank of a matrix has numerous applications in fields such as computer
graphics, statistics, and physics.
 The rank of a matrix can be used to determine if a system of linear
equations has a unique solution, no solution, or infinitely many solutions. It can also be used
to find the null space and column space of a matrix, which are important concepts in linear
algebra.
 For example,
Consider the matrix A:
 A=

To find the rank of this matrix, we can perform row operations to reduce it to row echelon form, and count the number
of non-zero rows.

Performing row operations, we can transform the matrix A into row echelon form :
Since there are two non-zero rows in this matrix, the rank of A
is 2.
Therefore, the rank of the matrix A is 2.
METHOD 1

Example 1.1

Find the rank of the matrix

Solution:

Let A=

Order of A is 2 × 2 ∴ ρ(A)≤ 2

Consider the second order minor

 = 15 -8 =7

There is a minor of order 2, which is not zero. ∴ρ (A) = 2

Example 2

Find the rank of

Solution

Let A =

Find |A| = 1 -2 +

= (24-25)-2(12-15)+3(10-12)
= -1+6-6
= -1
Therefore rank is 3

∴ρ (A) = 3
METHOD II

RANK FROM AN EQUIVALENT MATRIX

Eg 1

Find the rank of

 Eg 2

 Find the rank of A,B , A+B and AB A = and B=

SOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF
SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATION

 AX =C

 AUGMENTED MATRIX AND IS DENOTED BY

(A:C)
Test for consistency and solve if consistent

4x+ 3y+2z+7=0
2x+y-4z+1=0
x-7y-2 = 0
EIGEN VALUES AND
EIGEN VECTORS
EIGEN VALUES
• EIGEN VALUES ARE THE SPECIAL SET OF
SCALAR VALUES THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH
THE SET OF LINEAR EQUATIONS MOST
PROBABLY IN THE MATRIX EQUATIONS.
• FORMULA |A-
Eigen vectors
• EIGEN VECTORS ARE ALSO TERMED AS
CHARACTERISTIC ROOTS . IT IS A NON – ZERO
VECTOR THAT CAN BE CHANGED AT MOST BY ITS
SCALAR FACTORS AFTER THE APPLICATIONS OF
THE LINEAR TRANSFORMATION
• FORMULA (A- )X=0
 Problem 1

 Find the Eigen value of the given matrix

A=
Solution:
Formula |A-
Given A = , I = and is eigen value
 Finda-
- =0
- = 0
=0
And find |a-
| | =0
- - 2+2 = 0
( ) – (-1)(2)
-3 +2 = 0
-3 +2 = 0
(-1) – 2(-1)=0
- - 2+2 = 0 (-1)(-2)=0
(-1) – 2(-1)=0
(-1)(-2)=0
= 1,2
i.e., eigen values =1,2
 Problem 2

 Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix

a =
 given
 Formula |a-

a= , I = and is eigen value

By 3* 3 matrix
- +- =0 1

= Sum of the main diagonal of the given 3*3 matrix

= 2+2+2
=6
 = Sum of the minors of main diagonal of the given 3*3 matrix

 = + +

= (4-0) +(4-1) + (4-0)

= 4+3 + 4
 = 11
 = Determinant of the given matrix
 =2 +1
 = 2(4)-0+1(-2)
 = 8-2
 =6
 Substitute , , , in eqn 1
 - 6 + 11- 6= 0
 Find
 Put ()=0 , is a factor
 1 1 -6 11 -6
 0 1 -5 6
 1 -5 6 0

 -5 6= 0
 -2 6= 0
 (-2) – 3(-2)=0
 (-2) (-3) =0
 Eigen values are = 1,2,3
Eigen vectors
(a-

 A=
 A- =
 (A- )x = 0
 =0
 For eigen value

 =0
 =0
 + =0
 =0
 + =0
 =-
 Let = 1 so, = -1
 = 1, = 0 , = -1
Eigen value
 =
 For eigen value

 =0

 =0

 =0
 = 0 let = 1
 = 0, = 1 , = 0
Eigen value
 =
 For eigen value
 =0
 =0
 - + = 0 - = 0 - = - = Let = 1 so, = 1
 -=0 =0
 = 1, = 0 , = -1
Eigen value
 =