The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to

Human Geography
Thirteenth Edition

Chapter 3 Lecture

Migration

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Migration: Key Issues
3.1 Where Are Migrants Distributed?
3.2 Where Do People Migrate Within Countries?
3.3 Why Do People Migrate?
3.4 Why Do Migrants Face Challenges?

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Key Issue 1: Where Are Migrants
Distributed?
3.1.1 Migration and Geography
3.1.2 International and Internal Migration
3.1.3 Immigration and Emigration
3.1.4 Changing U.S. Immigration

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.1.1 Migration and Geography (1 of 4)
• Migration is a permanent move to new location
• Mobility: one’s ability to move from place to place. Not all
mobility is migration. Short-term, repetitive movement
(e.g., going to work on a daily basis) is known as
circulation

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.1.1 Migration and Geography (2 of 4)
• The migration transition is a change in the migration
pattern in a society that results from the social and
economic changes that also produce the demographic
transition migration patterns change with demographic
transition (Wilbur Zelinsky)

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.1.1 Migration and Geography (3 of 4)
Table 3-1: Changes in the demographic transition happen in
tandem with changes in the migration transition.

Stage Demographic Transition Migration Transition

1 Low NIR, high CBR, high CDR High daily or seasonal mobility in
search of food
2 High NIR, high CBR, rapidly falling C DR High international emigration and
interregional migration from rural to
urban areas
3 Declining NIR, rapidly declining C BR, High international immigration and
declining CDR intraregional migration from cities to
suburbs
4 Low NIR, low CBR, low CDR Same as stage 3

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.1.1 Migration and Geography (4 of 4)
Figure 3-3: California, New York, Florida, and Texas are the
leading destinations for immigrants.

Immigrants, 2016
100,000 and above
10,000–99,999
5,000–9,999
below 5,000

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.1.2 International and Internal
Migration (1 of 5)
• A permanent move from one country to another is
international migration. International migration is further
divided into two types:
1. Voluntary migration means that the migrant has chosen
to move, usually for economic reasons, though
sometimes for environmental reasons
2. Forced migration means that the migrant has been
compelled to move by political or environmental factors

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.1.2 International and Internal
Migration (2 of 5)
Figure 3-5: Major international flows in 2014 were out of
South Asia, East Asia, and Latin America and into North
America, Europe, and Southwest Asia.
160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°

80° 80°

ARCTIC
OCEAN

60° 60°

40° 40°
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
TROPIC OF CANCER
20° 20°

PACIFIC PACIFIC
OCEAN OCEAN

0° EQUATOR
0°

ATLANTIC INDIAN
OCEAN OCEAN
Net in-migration 20° 20°
TROPIC OF CAPRICON
1 million and above
0 1,500 3,000 Miles
less than 1 million
0 1,500 3,000 Kilometers
40° 40°
Net out-migration
40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°
less than 1 million
1 million and above 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60°

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.1.2 International and Internal
Migration (3 of 5)
• A permanent move within the same country is internal
migration
• There are two types of internal migration:
1. Interregional: movement from one region to a different
one
2. Intraregional: movement within one region

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.1.2 International and Internal
Migration (4 of 5)
Figure 3-7: Mexico’s migration flows are both international
and internal. Internal flows are both intraregional and
interregional.
Tijuana
To the
United States
BAJA
CALIFORNIA SONORA
CHIHUAHUA

COAHUILA
BAJA
CALIFORNIA NUEVO
SUR LEÓN
DURANGO
SINALOA TAMAULIPAS
ZACATECAS
QUERÉTARO
SAN LUIS
HIDALGO
NAYARIT POTOSÍ
CIUDAD DE MÉXICO YUCATÁN
AGUASCALIENTES
JALISCO QUINTANA
CAMPECHE ROO
GUANAJUATO Mexico City VERACRUZ
COLIMA TABASCO

0 200 400 Miles

MICHOACÁN
MÉXICO CHIAPAS
0 200 400 Kilometers OAXACA
MORELOS
GUERRERO
Migration PUEBLA
International From
Internal interregional Central America

Internal intraregional

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.1.2 International and Internal
Migration (5 of 5)
Figure 3-8: Jobs Fair for interregional migrants seeking work
in Tijuana, Mexico.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.1.3 Immigration and Emigration (1 of 5)
• emigration is migration from a location; immigration is
migration to a location
• The difference between the number of immigrants and the
number of emigrants is the net migration

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.1.3 Immigration and Emigration (2 of 5)
Figure 3-9: More than 40 percent of international migrants
originate in Asia.
North America 1.8% South Pacific 1.0%

Latin Africa
America 14.6%
15.2%

Europe
24.7%
Asia
42.7%

Origin

South Pacific 3.2%

Africa
North 9.7%
America
22.3%
Asia
30.8%

Latin
America Europe
3.7% 30.3%

.
Destination

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.1.3 Immigration and Emigration (3 of 5)
Figure 3-10: Large migration flows are between countries in
Asia and out of Asia, with the exception of Latin America to
North America.
160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°
80° 80°
ARCTIC
OCEAN
60° 60°

40° 40°
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
TROPIC OF CANCER
20° 20°
PACIFIC
OCEAN
0° EQUATOR 0°

PACIFIC
OCEAN ATLANTIC INDIAN
OCEAN OCEAN
20° 20°

TROPIC OF CAPRICORN

International migration
40° 40°
Direction of migrant flow 0 1,500 3,000 Miles
Country with large 0 1,500 3,000 Kilometers
migrant flow
160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.1.3 Immigration and Emigration (4 of 5)
Figure 3-11: Eastern Europe is a source region of migrants
moving to Western and Northern Europe, in particular
Germany.
Migration per
1,000 inhabitants
Gain 12 and above
Gain less than 12
Loss
SWEDEN FINLAND
not in European Union
NORWAY

ESTONIA

UNITED LATVIA
IRELAND KINGDOM DENMARK
LITHUANIA

NETH. BELARUS
POLAND
BELGIUM GERMANY
LUX.
CZECHIA
SLOVAKIA

FRANCE SWITZ. AUSTRIA

HUNGARY
SLOVENIA
ROMANIA
CROATIA

PORTUGAL SERBIA
SPAIN
ITALY BULGARIA
MONTENEGRO
MACEDONIA
KOSOVO

GREECE
0 150 300 Miles

0 150 300 Kilometers

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.1.3 Immigration and Emigration (5 of 5)
Figure 3-12: Since the late twentieth century, the United
Kingdom has had more immigration than emigration,
especially from Europe and Asia.
600
European Union
500 Latin America & Caribbean
Immigration
(thousands)

Africa
400
South Asia
300 Other Asia
Rest of World
200

100

0
0
(thousands)
Emigration

100

200

300
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017
Year

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.1.4 Changing U.S. Immigration (1 of 2)
• The United States has had three main eras of
immigration:
• Colonial settlement in the 17th and 18th centuries
• Mass European immigration in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries
• Asian and Latin American immigration in the late 20th and
early 21st centuries

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.1.4 Changing U.S. Immigration (2 of 2)
Figure 3-13: Two centuries of immigration to the United
States detail the changing source regions of immigrants to
America.
10
Number of immigrants by decade (million)

Europe Latin America

8
Canada Africa
Asia South Pacific
Most immigrants around
1900 came from Eastern
and Southern Europe.
6
Most recent immigrants
have come from Latin
Most 19th century America and Asia.
immigrants came from
Western Europe.
4

0
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2017
Decade

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Key Issue 2: Where Do People Migrate
Within a Countries?
3.2.1 Interregional Migration: United States
3.2.2 Interregional Migration in Other Large Countries
3.2.3 Intraregional Migration

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.2.1 Interregional Migration: United
States (1 of 3)
• The center of the United States population has
consistently shifted westward
• 1790: Hugging the Coast
• 1800–1840: Crossing the Appalachians
• 1850–1890: Rushing to the Gold
• 1900–1940: Filling in the Great Plains
• 1950–2010: Moving South

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.2.1 Interregional Migration: United
States (2 of 3)
Figure 3-14: The population of the United States has
consistently shifted to the south and the west.

Lake NEW
1790 WISCONSIN Michigan YORK
rie
Hugging the Coast MICHIGAN
k eE
La
Chicago NEW YORK
IOWA PENNSYLVANIA
1800–1840
NEW
Crossing the Appalachians INDIANA Pittsburgh Philadelphia JERSEY
OHIO
1790
1850–1890 ILLINOIS Columbus
1800–1840
1800 1790
Indianapolis 1810 DELAWARE
Rushing to the Gold MISSOURI 1850–1890
1900–1940 1820 Washington D.C.
1900 Cincinnati 1870 1840 1830
1920 MARYLAND
1860
1900–1940 1930 1890 1880 1850
1950–2010 1950 1910
Filling in the Great Plains 1940 Charleston
St Louis 1960 Richmond
WEST
1970 Evansville Louisville
1980 VIRGINIA
1950–2010 1990 R.
VIRGINIA Norfolk
Ohio
Moving South 2000 KENTUCKY
2010

NORTH
CAROLINA
0 50 100 Miles
0 50 100 Kilometers ARKANSAS TENNESSEE

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.2.1 Interregional Migration: United
States (3 of 3)
Figure 3-16: Recent net migration trends are to the South.

Northeast

110
73 Midwest 92
295
104
101
33
West 307

221
211

249 South
347
Migration flow in thousands
of people, age 16+, 2016–2017

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.2.2 Interregional Migration in Other
Large Countries (1 of 4)
Figure 3-17: Interregional migration in China reflects
movement toward large coastal cities.
Interregional net migration,
2001–2015
gain 3 million and above
loss 3 million and above HEILONGJIANG

gain or loss less than 1 million

JILIN

LIAONING
XINJIANG UYGUR Beijing
BEIJING
NEI MONGOL
GANSU TIANJIN
HEBEI
SHANXI
NINGXIA SHANDONG
QINGHAI
HENAN JIANGSU
SHAANXI
XIZANG
ANHUI SHANGHAI
(TIBET) HUBEI
SICHUAN
CHONGQING ZHEJIANG
JIANGXI
HUNAN
0 200 400 Miles FUJIAN
GUIZHOU
0 200 400 Kilometers
YUNNAN
GUANGXI GUANGDONG

HAINAN

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.2.2 Interregional Migration in Other
Large Countries (2 of 4)
Figure 3-18: : Brazil’s interregional migrations show
evidence of development of the interior.

NORTH

NORTH EAST

CENTER WEST
Interregional net migration Brasília

gain 500,000 and above

gain less than 500,000 SOUTH EAST
gain less than 100,000
loss 2 million and above
direction of net migration

SOUTH
0 250 500 Miles
0 250 500 Kilometers

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.2.2 Interregional Migration in Other
Large Countries (3 of 4)
Figure 3-20: Canada’s interregional migration patterns are
to the west, like U.S. historical trend.

YUKON
NUNAVUT
NORTHWEST
TERRITORIES
NEWFOUNDLAND
AND LABRADOR

BRITISH
COLUMBIA
ALBERTA

MANITOBA
QUEBEC
SASKATCHEWAN ONTARIO PRINCE
EDWARD
ISLAND
Ottawa
Interregional net migration, NOVA
SCOTIA
2011–2017 NEW
gain 50,000 and above BRUNSWICK

loss over 10,000 0 200 400 Miles

gain or loss less than 4,000 0 200 400 Kilometers

at least 50,000 migrants

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.2.2 Interregional Migration in Other
Large Countries (4 of 4)
Figure 3-23: Russia’s interregional migration patterns show
the reversal of earlier attempts to populate its Asian regions.
Interregional net migration, 2013
gain 50,000 and above
gain less than 50,000
loss less than 50,000
loss 50,000 and above
direction of net migration

St. Petersburg FAR EAST

NORTHWEST
Moscow
CENTRAL
URALS
VOLGA
SIBERIAN
SOUTHERN

NORTH
0 400 800 Miles
CAUCASUS
0 400 800 Kilometers

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.2.3 Intraregional Migration (1 of 5)
• Rural to urban migration most common in developing
countries
• Urban to suburban common in developed countries
• Urban to rural (counterurbanization) observed in some
cases

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.2.3 Intraregional Migration (2 of 5)
Figure 3-24: Migration flows in Timor-Leste are mostly from
rural areas into the capital and largest city of Dili.

DILI LAUTÉM
Dili BAUCAU
LIQUIÇÁ
AILEU MANATUTO
ERMERA
VIQUEQUE
BOBONARO
MANUFAHI
AINARO

OECUSSE COVALIMA

INDONESIA

0 25 50 Miles
0 25 50 Kilometers Area of map
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
3.2.3 Intraregional Migration (3 of 5)
Figure 3-26: The largest U.S. intraregional migration flow is
from the city to the suburbs.

From city
to suburb
2,793,000 5,041,000
From suburb to city

403,000
From
From suburb to Nonmetropolitan
nonmetropolitan to city
530,000
474,000
605,000 From city to
From nonmetropolitan nonmetropolitan
to suburb

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.2.3 Intraregional Migration (4 of 5)
Figure 3-27: Most counties that had population growth
between 2016 and 2017 are in the West. The northeast,
Appalachia, and rural parts of the South lost population.

Population change,
2016–2017
Increase
1% and above
less than 1%
Decrease
less than 1%
1% and above

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.2.3 Intraregional Migration (5 of 5)
Figure 3-28: The phenomenon known as
counterurbanization is recent and entails people leaving
urban areas for small rural towns that have access to an
urban area.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Key Issue 3: Why Do People Migrate?
3.3.1 Political Reasons for Migrating
3.3.2 Environmental Reasons for Migrating
3.3.3 Economic Reasons for Migrating
3.3.4 Gender and Age of Migrants

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.3.1 Political Reasons for Migrating (1 of 7)

• Combination of push and pull factors

• Push factor: induces people to move out of their present
location (e.g., fleeing conflict and/or persecution, floods,
droughts)
• Pull factor: induces people to move into a new location
(e.g., better cultural, environmental and/or political
conditions, economic opportunities)
• Intervening obstacles cause people to engage in step
migration which follows a series of steps to the final
destination

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.3.1 Political Reasons for Migrating (2 of 7)

Figure 3-29: The forced migration of Native Americans took

place in the 1830s.
IL
UNORG. TERR. Cherokee
MO Trail of Tears
Springfield VA
CHEROKEE KY
Nashville
CREEK Fort
Gibson TN NC
ARK.
CHICKASAW TERR.
CHOCTAW Little
New Echota
Rock CHICKASAW CHEROKEE
Fort Towson 1832 SC
1835
MEXICO AL CREEK GA
CHOCTAW 1832
Fort
Routes of Native 1830
Vicksburg Mitchell
American removal Montgomery
MS
Cherokee LA

Chickasaw Mobile
FLA.
Choctaw
New Orleans TERR.
Creek
Seminole
Tribal lands Gulf of Mexico
(date ceded) SEMINOLE
0 100 200 Miles 1832–1833
Reservations
0 100 200 Kilometers

95°W 90°W 85°W

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.3.1 Political Reasons for Migrating (3 of 7)

Figure 3-30: A memorial sculpture in Chattanooga marking

the start of the Trail of Tears.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.3.1 Political Reasons for Migrating (4 of 7)

• The UN High Commission for Refugees recognizes three

groups of people who are forced to migrate for political
reasons:
• refugees have been forced to migrate to another country
• An internally displaced person (IDP) is a refugee who
has not migrated across an international border
• an asylum seeker: is someone who has migrated to
another country in the hope of being recognized as a
refugee

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.3.1 Political Reasons for Migrating (5 of 7)

Figure 3-31: Afghanistan, Syria, and Somalia are presently

the sources of the largest numbers of refugees.

ARCTIC
OCEAN

NETHERLANDS SWEDEN RUSSIA

CANADA UNITED
KINGDOM UKRAINE
GERMANY
AUSTRIA GEORGIA
PACIFIC FRANCE AZERBAIJAN
ITALY
OCEAN UNITED STATES TURKEY AFGHANISTAN
BOSNIA
ATLANTIC SERBIA SYRIA
LEBANON IRAQ IRAN CHINA
OCEAN LIBYA JORDAN PAKISTAN MYANMAR
EGYPT (BURMA) PACIFIC
INDIA
MALI NIGER SUDAN
ERITREA VIETNAM OCEAN
HONDURAS
CHAD YEMEN PHILIPPINES
Origin of refugees ETHIOPIA
1,000,000 and above SOUTH SUDAN THAILAND
COLOMBIA SOMALIA BANGLADESH
100,000–999,999 NIGERIA
CAMEROON UGANDA SRI LANKA
Destination of refugees CENT. AF.REP KENYA
INDIAN
CONGO RWANDA
1,000,000 and above DEM. REP.CONGO TANZANIA OCEAN
100,000–999,999 BURUNDI
Origin and destination 0 1,500 3,000 Miles

more than 100,000 0 1,500 3,000 Kilometers

Internally displaced persons

SYRIA more than 100,000

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.3.1 Political Reasons for Migrating (6 of 7)

Figure 3-32: The civil war in Syria has forced millions to flee
the country.
to GERMANY to AUSTRIA to SWEDEN
530,000 50,000 110,000

TURKEY
3,600,000
GREECE IRAN

to CANADA
54,000 SYRIA
& U.S. LEBANON
1,000,000 IRAQ
33,000 250,000
ISRAEL
LIBYA JORDAN
670,000

EGYPT
130,000 SAUDI
ARABIA
Re
d
Se

0 100 200 Miles

a

0 100 200 Kilometers

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.3.1 Political Reasons for Migrating (7 of 7)

Figure 3-33: Neighboring Jordan is an obvious destination

for Syrian refugees

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.3.2 Environmental Reasons for
Migrating (1 of 3)
• Hurricane Katrina resulted in one million people being
displaced
Figure 3-34: The largest numbers went to Mississippi, but
many also went to Houston, Texas.

Displaced Hurricane
Katrina survivors
46,000 and above
15,501–45,999
4,201–15,500
New Orleans 1,201–4,200
Houston 251–1,200
Gulf of Mexico 41–250
below 41

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.3.2 Environmental Reasons for
Migrating (2 of 3)
Figure 3-35: African Americans were most impacted by
flooding from Katrina.
September 11, 2005 0 1 2 Miles Percentage of African 0 1 2 Miles
Population change 0 1 2 Miles

flood extent 0 1 2 Kilometers Americans, 2000 0 1 2 Kilometers

2000 – 2010 0 1 2 Kilometers
Lake
75 and above loss of 50 or more
Pontchartrain Lake
41–75 loss 25–49 Pontchartrain
Lake Pontchartrain
15–40 loss 10–24
less than 15 loss 0–9
gain 0–9
gain 10–24
10 10 10
gain 50–49
gain 50 or more
90 90 90
10 610 10 610 10 610

ORLEANS ORLEANS ORLEANS

PARISH PARISH PARISH
39 39 39
10 10 10
46 46 46
10 10 10
French French French
90 Quarter 90 Quarter 90
Quarter

BUS BUS BUS

JEFFERSON PARISH 90
428 JEFFERSON PARISH 90
428 JEFFERSON PARISH 90
428
23 23 23
N 45 N 45 N 45

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.3.2 Environmental Reasons for
Migrating (3 of 3)
• Hurricane Maria resulted in mass emigration from Puerto
Rico
Figure 3-36: Florida and New York received the greatest
share of Puerto Ricans who emigrated to the mainland after
Maria.

Boston Address changes

from Puerto Rico
New York and the Virgin Is.
Chicago
600
300

1
Dallas- Atlanta
Fort Worth

Orlando
Houston
Miami

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.3.3 Economic Reasons for
Migrating (1 of 5)
• Economic push and pull factors cause majority of migration
• Major flows of migration are between Asian countries and
out of Asia
• Remittances: payments sent home by migrants

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.3.3 Economic Reasons for
Migrating (2 of 5)
Figure 3-38: The majority of economic migrants from India are
seeking work in Southwest Asia.
UNITED
KINGDOM
836,524 Migration to and
from India, 2017
Emigration
ATLANTIC
Immigration
OCEAN

0 500 1,000 Miles

0 500 1,000 Kilometers
to CANADA UNITED ARAB
602,146 EMIRATES 1,095,149
KUWAIT NEPAL
1,157,072 3,310,419 PAKISTAN 537,517
1,873,650
to UNITED STATES QATAR
2,307,909 658,488
INDIA
SAUDI ARABIA
2,266,216 OMAN BANGLADESH
1,201,995 3,139,311

OTHER
416,573

OTHER
2,373,301
INDIAN OCEAN

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.3.3 Economic Reasons for
Migrating (3 of 5)
Figure 3-39: Indian economic migrants in Saudi Arabia.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.3.3 Economic Reasons for
Migrating (4 of 5)
Figure 3-40: Economic recession transformed economic pull
factors into push factors.
120

100 Immigration

80 Emigration
Net migration
60
Thousands

40

20

–20

–40

–60
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017
Year
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
3.3.3 Economic Reasons for
Migrating (5 of 5)
Figure 3-41: The United States and Saudi Arabia are the
leading sources of remittances.

ARCTIC
OCEAN

UNITED
STATES
ATLANTIC EGYPT
PAKISTAN CHINA
OCEAN U.A.E. PACIFIC
SAUDI INDIA
MEXICO OCEAN
ARABIA VIETNAM
PHILIPPINES
GUATEMALA Remittances as % of GDP
NIGERIA above 5 Top corridor
PACIFIC 1–5 U.A.E. Source
OCEAN INDIAN
OCEAN below 1 INDIA Recipient
no data

ATLANTIC 0 1,500 3,000 Miles

OCEAN 0 1,500 3,000 Kilometers

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.3.4 Gender and Age of Migrants (1 of 4)
• During the 19th century, long-distance migrants were
male adult individuals traveling without families
• The pattern changed in the 20th century. Today, a high
percentage of migrants are women and children
• A large percentage of U.S. immigrants are young adults
and are unlikely to be elderly. Children under the age of
20 comprise 21% of all immigrants to the United States

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.3.4 Gender and Age of Migrants (2 of 4)
Figure 3-42: Younger working-age people comprise the
majority of the immigrants living in the United States.
Age
85+
80–84
75–79 Male Female
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
Immigrants (millions)
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
3.3.4 Gender and Age of Migrants (3 of 4)
Figure 3-43: Teenagers emigrating from Central America
sleep at a train station in Mexico. They hope to reach the
United States some day.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.3.4 Gender and Age of Migrants (4 of 4)
Figure 3-44: Female immigrants outnumber males in
developed countries and globally make up 48% of all
immigrants.
52
World
Developed
Female migrants (%)

South Asia
50
East and
SE Asia

48

46

44
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2017
Year
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Key Issue 4: Why Do Migrants Face
Challenges?
3.4.1 Government Immigration Policies
3.4.2 Quotas
3.4.3 U.S.–Mexico Border Issues
3.4.4 Europe Immigration Issues

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.4.1 Government Immigration
Policies (1 of 5)
• The U.N. classifies countries according to four types of
immigration policies:
1. maintain the current level of immigration
2. increase the level
3. reduce the level
4. no policy

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.4.1 Government Immigration
Policies (2 of 5)
Figure 3-47: Immigration policies vary around the world, but
few countries have targeted increasing immigration.

160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°
80° 80°
ARCTIC
OCEAN

encourage more immigration 60° 60°

maintain current level

reduce immigration
40° 40°
no intervention or no policy

no data
ATLANTIC
OCEAN TROPIC OF CANCER
20° 20°

PACIFIC
OCEAN
EQUATOR
0° 0°

PACIFIC INDIAN
OCEAN OCEAN
20° 20°

TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
40° 40°
0 1,500 3,000 Miles
0 1,500 3,000 Kilometers

160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.4.1 Government Immigration
Policies (3 of 5)
• Those who enter a foreign country without
documentation are called unauthorized immigrants.
The principal reason for unauthorized immigration to
the United States is to seek a job
• 5.9 million of the 11 million unauthorized immigrants in
the United States are from Mexico
• 2.4 million lived in California and 1.7 million in Texas
• 1 million are children

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.4.1 Government Immigration
Policies (4 of 5)
Figure 3-48: The number of unauthorized immigrants in
the United States has increased sharply since 1990.
Unauthorized immigrants (millions)

14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016

Year
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
3.4.1 Government Immigration
Policies (5 of 5)
Figure 3-49: Texas and California have the largest
numbers of unauthorized immigrants.

Unauthorized immigrants
1 million and above
100,000–999,999
10,000–99,999
below 10,000

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.4.2 Quotas
• 1924: 2% of U.S. base population by country
• 1965: quotas by hemisphere (Eastern and Western)
totaling 290,000 per year
• 1978: global quota of 290,000 per year
• 1990: quota raised to 700,000 per year
• Preferences for family reunification, skilled workers, and
diversity criterion
• Skilled worker preference criticized for “brain drain”

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.4.3 U.S.–Mexico Border Issues (1 of 6)
• Americans are divided concerning whether unauthorized
migration helps or hurts the country
• Most Americans would like more effective border patrols
• Most Americans support work-related programs to make
them legal
• Most Americans believe that enforcement of unauthorized
immigration is a federal responsibility

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.4.3 U.S.–Mexico Border Issues (2 of 6)
Figure 3-54: Policy concerning unauthorized migration from
Mexico is a contentious topic. Debate includes the level of
border enforcement, the role of unauthorized workers in the
economy, and protecting the civil rights of U.S. citizens.
Palm CALIFORNIA
Springs 10
86
San Otay
Diego Mesa Calexico
Calexico East Phoenix
Tecate West
San Andrade 60
Yuma Casa
Ysidro Tecate 8
Mexicali San Luis 85 Grande 25
Tijuana
Los Algodones
San Luis ARIZONA 10 UNITED STATES Alamogordo
Ensenada Río Colorado 2
Lukeville Tucson
5
10
NEW MEXICO
Sonoyta 86
Las Cruces Carlsbad
PACIFIC 1 BAJA 8
286 19
191
Sasabe Santa
OCEAN CALIFORNIA Columbus Teresa El Paso
Puerto Sásabe Nogales Naco
Gulf of Douglas Palomas Santa 62
Peñasco 2 Nogales Tornillo 285
California Naco Teresa 20
37 Agua
2
Prieta 2 Ciudad Pe
10 co
Juárez s
SONORA MEXICO 45
D
15
D 17 Nuevo 90
10
Casas Grandes TEXAS 10

90 277
67
CHIHUAHUA 83
Presidio
Ojinaga Del Rio San Antonio
16
90
Ciudad Acuña
45
Eagle
Chihuahua 18 Pass 35 37
Piedras Negras

Ri
o
COAHUILA 57

Gr
D 83

an
Sabinas 59
281 Corpus

d e
Christi
Nuevo Laredo Laredo 77

Gulf of
Roma
85 Mexico
D
Rio Grande
City
Ciudad Miguel Alemán
Hidalgo Progreso
53 Camargo
Brownsville
54 Reynosa
40 Nuevo
Matamoros
Progreso
D
Monterrey NUEVO
97 101
85 LEÓN
TAMAULIPAS

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.4.3 U.S.–Mexico Border Issues (3 of 6)
• The U.S.–Mexico border is quite diverse, with both urban
and rural crossings

Figure 3-55: : Images of the U.S.–Mexico Border.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.4.3 U.S.–Mexico Border Issues (4 of 6)
Figure 3-56: : Images of the U.S.–Mexico Border.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.4.3 U.S.–Mexico Border Issues (5 of 6)
Figure 3-57: : Images of the U.S.–Mexico Border.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.4.3 U.S.–Mexico Border Issues (6 of 6)
Figure 3-58: : Images of the U.S.–Mexico Border.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.4.4 Europe Immigration Issues (1 of 2)
• Europe is home to many migrants from North Africa and
Eastern Europe
• Germany and other wealthy European countries operated
guest worker programs, in which people from poorer
countries were allowed to immigrate temporarily via
circular migration
• Increased hostility to immigrants in many European
countries with the arrival of more than 1 million refugees
from Southwest Asia beginning in 2015

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3.4.4 Europe Immigration Issues (2 of 2)
Figure 3-59: Western European nations (most notably
Germany) and Scandinavia receive the largest share of
immigrants.
Percent foreign born Migration flows Barents Sea
15 and above More than 1,000,000
5–15 500,000–1,000,000
ICELAND
below 5

0 250 500 Miles FINLAND

0 250 500 Kilometers RUSSIA
NORWAY
SWEDEN

ESTONIA

North LATVIA From

DENMARK Kazakhstan
Sea LITHUANIA

UNITED
IRELAND KINGDOM BELARUS
NETH.
GERMANY POLAND
BELG.
CZECHIA
UKRAINE
ATLANTIC SLOVAKIA
AUSTRIA MOLDOVA
OCEAN FRANCE SWITZ.
SLOV.
HUNGARY
ROMANIA
CROATIA
from India BOS. & SERBIA
and Pakistan ITALY HERZ.
BULGARIA
Black Sea
MONT. MAC.
SPAIN ALB.

PORTUGAL TURKEY
GREECE

MOROCCO ALGERIA Mediterranean Sea

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Copyright

This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is

provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their
courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of
any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will
destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work
and materials from it should never be made available to students
except by instructors using the accompanying text in their
classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these
restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and
the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved