Tuned Amplifiers

Introduction: Tuned Amplifier

• The amplifiers with tuned circuit as load is called tuned amplifiers

or narrow band amplifier.

In tuned amplifiers, resistive load is replaced with tuned circuit which is

capable of amplifying the signal over a narrow band of frequencies
centered at fr.

• The center frequency may range from 1 to many MHz.

Tuned parallel LC circuit is shown in the figure
Q factor:
• Q factor is also defined as the measure of efficiency with which
inductor can store the energy. Higher the value of Q, lower the
losses in the inductor.

• Dissipation factor (D) is the total loss with in a component and is

defined as 1/Q
. The 3 dB bandwidth for resonant circuit is given by
Classification of tuned amplifiers:
The cascaded stage of multistage tuned amplifiers are classified as
1. Single tuned amplifiers
2. Double tuned amplifiers
3. Stagger tuned amplifiers

These amplifiers are further classified according to coupling used to

cascade the stages of multistage amplifier.
a. capacitor coupled.
b. inductive coupled
c. Transformer coupled
Advantages of tuned amplifiers:
1. Output signal to noise ratio is good
2. Suitable for radio transmitters and receivers
3. Amplifies defined frequencies
4. The band of frequencies over which amplification is required can be
varied.

Disadvantages:
1. Because of inductors and capacitors in tuning circuit, it becomes
bulky and costly.
2. If the band of frequencies is increased, design becomes complex.
3. Not suitable to amplify audio frequencies.
Applications:

1.Used in radio receivers to amplify a particular band of frequencies for

which the radio receiver is tuned.

2.Class B and class C amplifiers are used as an output RF amplifier in

radio transmitters to increase the output efficiency and to reduce the
harmonics.

3.Used in active filters such as low pass, high pass and band pass to
allow amplification of signal only in desired narrow band.

4. Used as very narrow-band IF amplifier in a spectrum analyzer.

5.Used as IF amplifier in a satellite transponder

Small Signal single tuned amplifiers:
Assumptions:
RL<< RC
rbb’=0
With the above said assumptions, the simplified equivalent circuits for
the single tuned amplifier is shown below.
.
From the equivalent circuits of coil (inductor), the two admittances are

Equating Y1 & Y2
From the equivalent circuit of single tuned amplifier

The current gain of the amplifier is

2
0
Let us define the Q of the tuned circuit at the resonant frequency ω 0 to be

At ω=ω0, gain is maximum and is given by

At 3 dB frequency

Therefore at 3 dB frequency
Solving the above quadratic equation, we have two positive solutions ωH
and ωL, we get
 Tuned Amplifiers

Class – 2

Topic: Single Tuned capacitive coupled

amplifier
-GVSB
Single Tuned capacitive coupled amplifier:
Here the tank circuit is connected at the collector as a load and it
resonates at a particular frequency.
The equivalent hybrid pi model representation of a single tuned
amplifier is shown in the figure
By applying the millers theorem, the equivalent can be redrawn as
.
.

Center Frequency:
The center frequency or resonant frequency is given by
Quality Factor:
The quality factor of the coil at resonant frequency is given by

Here the output is connected to the next stage input means, quality
factor including load is called as loaded Q and is expressed as below
RP can be expressed at resonance as

The effective quality factor including the output resistance R o next stage
input resistance Ri represented in the following figure as
.

Voltage Gain (AV):

The voltage gain for single tuned amplifier is given by
3dB Bandwidth:
Effect of cascading single tuned amplifier on bandwidth:
• Let us consider n stages of single tuned direct coupled amplifiers
and see the effect on bandwidth.
• The relative gain of a single tuned amplifier with respect to
resonant frequency is given by

• The relative gain for n stages is given by

• The 3 dB cutoff frequencies for n stage cascaded amplifier is

Equating the above two equations we get

Substituting the value for δ fractional frequency variation

.

Let us consider the frequency f with f1 and f2 (Lower 3 dB and Upper 3

dB frequencies)

Similarly

The bandwidth of n stage identical amplifier is given by

BWn=f2-f1=(f2-fr)+(fr-f1)
.

As the number of stages increases, bandwidth decreases.

Example:
BW1=20KHz, n=3
Single Tuned Inductively Coupled Amplifier
 Tuned Amplifiers

Topic: Double Tuned Amplifiers

Drawbacks of a single tuned amplifier
•Narrow bandwidth on smaller pass band, which will result in
poor production of the audio signal.
•The sides (and the top) of a gain versus frequency curve are not
steeper.
• Double tuned amplifiers
• Double tuned amplifiers use two inductively
coupled tuned circuits per stage, both the
tuned circuits being tuned to the same
frequency.
Double Tuned Amplifier:
.
.

Here the series and parallel resistances are combined in to series

elements.

We can write here as

We also know that

The Q factors for both circuits are kept same.

Therefore Q1=Q2=Q;
means resonant frequency

from the above circuit

For this I2 is represented in terms of V1.

Vo = - j [ V1 x YT ] / Wr C2
The transfer admittance can be calculated by using the following figure
The transfer admittance can be calculated by using the following figure
.
.
substituting the values of I2,interms of Vi*YT, in VO we get
From gain versus frequency figure, the two gain peaks in the frequency
response of the double tuned amplifier is given by
At

This condition is known as critical coupling.

If K<1/Q, the peak gain is less than maximum gain and the coupling is poor.

If K>1/Q, the circuit is over coupled and the response shows the double peak. This is
useful when more bandwidth is required.

The gain magnitude at peak is given as

.

The Bandwidth Between the frequencies at which the gain |A d| is the useful
bandwidth and is given by
Advantages:-
•It has flatter response having steeper sides
•It provides larger 3 dB bandwidth
•Provides larger gain bandwidth product.
 Effect of cascading double tuned
amplifier on Bandwidth:
• When identical double tuned amplifier stages
are connected in cascade, the overall
bandwidth of the system becomes narrow and
the steepness of the sides of the response is
increased just as when single tuned stages are
cascaded.
 Effect of cascading double tuned
amplifier on Bandwidth:
• The relationship between the 3 dB bandwidth
of n identical double tuned critically coupled
stages are compared with the bandwidth of a
single stage double tuned amplifier as
• N stages double tuned amplifier =
• where is the 3 dB bandwidth of a single
stage double tuned amplifier.
• Example: the bandwidth of a double tuned
amplifier is 20 KHz. Calculate the bandwidth if
there are three stages
Effect of cascading double tuned amplifier on Bandwidth:

The relationship between the 3 dB bandwidth of n identical double tuned critically

coupled stages are compared with the bandwidth of a single stage double
tuned amplifier as

N stages double tuned amplifier =

where is the 3 dB bandwidth of a single stage double tuned amplifier.

Example: The bandwidth of a double tuned amplifier is 20 KHz.

Calculate the bandwidth if there are three stages
 Need for Stagger Tuned Amplifier
• The double tuned amplifier gives greater 3 db
bandwidth having steeper sides and flat top.
But alignment of double tuned amplifier is
difficult.
• To overcome this problem two single tuned
amplifiers are cascaded.
Stagger tuned amplifier:
• In stagger tuned circuit, two single tuned
cascade amplifiers having a certain bandwidth
are taken.
• The resonant frequencies of the two tuned
circuit are so adjusted that they are separated
by an amount equal to the bandwidth of each
stage.
• Since the resonant frequencies are displaced
or staggered, they are known as stagger tuned
circuits.
Stagger tuned amplifier:
• Def: It is a circuit in which two single tuned
cascaded amplifiers having certain bandwidth
are taken and their resonant frequencies are
adjusted that they are separated by an
amount equal to the bandwidth of each stage.
Since resonant frequencies are displaced it is
called stagger tuned amplifier.
Stagger tuned amplifier:
.
Frequency Response of Stagger Tuned Amplifier:
Comparison of Single tuned and Stagger tuned
amplifier Response:
Analysis of staggered tune circuit:
The gain of the single tuned amplifier is
The overall gain of these two stages is
Comparision of Tuned Amplifiers:
Stability of tuned amplifiers:
1.At high frequencies, because of the inter junction capacitance
between base and collector(Cbc), there will be a feedback from output
to input.
2.At high frequency reactance is low and signal comes from output to
input.
3.As a result circuit becomes unstable and it will stop working as an
amplifier and works as an oscillator because of positive feedback.

To overcome the problem we have different techniques.

a) Hazeltine neutralization
b) Neutrodyne neutralization
c) Neutralization using coil
d) Rice neutralization
 What is Neutralization?
• The technique used for the elimination of potential
oscillations is called neutralization.
(OR)
• The effect of collector to base capacitance of the
transistor is neutralized by introducing a signal that
cancels the signal coupled through collector base
capacitance. This process is called neutralization.
(a) Hazeltine neutralization:
(b) Neutrodyne neutralization:
(C) Neutralization using coil:
(d) Rice neutralization: