BASICS OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Course Code: EEE 1007

Module-3: Fundamentals of Electrical Machines

[10 Sessions, Understand level]

Electrical Machines:
 Single phase transformers: principle of operation and EMF equation,
Numerical examples.
 DC Motor: principle of operation, Back EMF, torque equation, Numerical
examples.
 AC Motor: Principle operation of Induction Motors and its Applications.
 Special Machines: Introduction to special electrical machines and its
applications.
TRANSFORMERS
Contents
• Introduction & Definition of Transformer
• Construction & Working Principle
• Types of Transformers
• Losses in transformers
• EMF equation of transformer
• Turns and Transformation ratio
• Numerical Problems

3
 Introduction
 A transformer can be defined as a static electrical device which
transfers the electrical power from one electrical circuit to
another without any change of frequency
 Basic Principle: electromagnetic induction (Faradays Laws)
 Transformer output voltage can be raised or lowered, but with
a proportional increase or decrease in the current.
 Transformers have no moving parts, rugged and durable in
construction, thus requiring very little maintenance
 They also have a very high efficiency as high as 99%. (Static device
–so no mechanical or rotational losses)

4
Construction of Transformer

The main elements of the transformer are the primary and

secondary windings and the steel core

5
 Construction of Transformer
• Windings are the main current-carrying conductors
wound around the laminated sections of the core and
are usually made up of copper
• Primary winding: The winding which is connected to the
voltage source and creates magnetic flux
• secondary winding: The winding in which voltage is
induced as a result of mutual induction. It is connected to
load

6
Construction of Transformer…
• The core of the transformer is made up of silicon
steel laminations
• Limbs or legs: The vertical portion of the core on
which the windings or coils are wound.
• Yoke: The top and bottom horizontal portions of the
core, which connects the limbs and serve for closing
the magnetic circuit.

7
Principle of operation of Transformer (Brief)
It is based on the principle of MUTUAL INDUCTION. According
to which an e.m.f. is induced in a coil when current in the
neighbouring coil changes.

8
 Principle of operation of Transformer
 When, primary winding is connected to a source of
alternating voltage, alternating(changing) magnetic flux is
produced around the winding
 This changing magnetic field gets linked with the
secondary winding
 As the flux produced is alternating , EMF gets induced in
the secondary winding according to Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction(Mutual Induction )

9
Principle of operation of Transformer
 This emf is called 'mutually induced emf', and the
frequency of mutually induced emf is same as that of
supplied alternating voltage
 If the secondary winding is closed circuit, then induced
current flows through it
 Hence the electrical energy is transferred from one
circuit (primary) to another circuit (secondary).

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11
 Transformer on DC supply

 Transformer cannot work on DC [Link]

study

12
 Types of Transformers
Based on the construction, there are two types of transformers .
Core Type Transformer Shell Type
Winding encircles the core Core encircles most part of windings

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Core Type Transformer
• Winding encircles the core
• Easy in design and construction
• Consists of single magnetic circuit
• Core has 2 limbs
• Cylindrical types of coils are used
• Natural cooling is more effective
• This assembly can be dismantled for repair work
• Low mechanical strength
• The width of the limb is uniform
Shell type Transformer

Core encircles most part of windings

 Shell type Transformer
• Core encircles most part of windings
• Comparatively complex
• Consists of double magnetic circuit
• Core has three limbs
• multilayer disc type or sandwich coils are used
• As the windings are surrounded by the core, natural
cooling does not exist
• This cannot be easily dismantled for repair work
• High mechanical Strength
• Width of the central limb is twice the width of the outer
limbs
 Losses in a Transformer
There are two types of losses happening in a transformer:
Core losses or Iron losses Copper Loss or Ohmic Loss

Iron losses are caused by the These losses occur due to the
alternating flux in the core of the resistance of the transformer
transformer. Further divided into: windings.
Hysteresis loss & Eddy current loss

Constant losses since they don’t These losses vary according to the
vary with the load. Core losses can load, hence it is also known as
be reduced by using core with variable losses.
silicon steel laminations

18
 Eddy current loss
 Since the core is made up of conducting material, EMF is
induced in the core also which is undesirable and circulates
current within the body of the core material. These
circulating currents are called Eddy Currents.
 These currents are not responsible for doing any useful
work, and it produces loss s) in the magnetic material
known as an Eddy Current Loss

19
Copper Loss or Ohmic Loss

20
21
EMF Equation of a Transformer

volts

volts

E2/E1=N2/N1
22
Turns and Transformation Ratio
Turns ratio :Turns ratio is defined as the ratio of primary to
secondary turns. Turns Ratio=N1/N2
If N2 > N1, the transformer is called Step-up transformer
If N2 < N1 the transformer is called Step down transformer

23
V1, E1 and V2, E2

V1 E1 E2
V2

V1-supply voltage, E1- self Induced voltage on the primary side

V2-load voltage(Terminal voltage), E2-mutually induced voltage on
the secondary side

24
Current Ratio

25
Numerical Problems
A single phase , 50 Hz transformer has 30 primary turns and 350
secondary turns. If the primary winding is connected to a 230 V
supply, calculate the voltage induced in the secondary winding
and the primary current when the secondary current is 100 A.
neglecting the losses.

N1 = 30, N2 =350, E1=230V, E2= ? I2=100A, I1=?

26
The primary of a 50 Hz step down transformer has
480 turns and is fed from 6400 V. compute
unknown parameters if secondary winding has 20
turns.

27
A 6600/440 Volts, 1-ϕ 600 kVA transformer has 1200 turns primary turns.
Estimate the following; i. Transformation ratio. ii. Voltage per turn iii.
Secondary turns. iv. Secondary current when it supplies a load of 400 kW at
0.8 pf lagging.

1).Transformation Ratio=(E2/E1)=440/6600=0.06
2).Voltage per turn=(E1/N1) or
(E2/N2)=6600/1200=5.5V/turn
3).Secondary turns=(E2/E1)*N1=80
P2=V2*I2*P.F (Power=V*I*cosϕ= V*I*P.F)
4).I2=P2/(V2*P.F)=1.136kA

28
Numerical Problems

29
Numerical Problems
The no-load ratio of a 50 Hz, single phase transformer is 6000/250 volts.
Estimate the number of turns in each winding if the maximum flux is 0.06 Wb
in the core.

E1=6000V, E2=250V, ϕm= 0.06Wb f=50Hz

N1=E1/(4.44*ϕm*f)=451

N2=E2/(4.44*ϕm*f)=19

30
Numerical Problems
A 2000 kVA, 3300/240 volts. 50 Hz 1-ϕ transformer has 80 turns on the
secondary winding. Identify and list the unknown parameters that can be found
from the given data and compute the same.

Unknowns 1)ϕm 2)N1 3)K

1)ϕm= 0.0135Wb

2)N1 =1100

3)K=0.072

31
Numerical Problems
A Single phase transformer used in mobile charger has
primary turns of 1500 and secondary turns of 75 turns.
The mobile charger requires the voltage of 12 Volts.
Identify the known parameter and compute the same.

Unknown 1)E1

E1=(N1/N2)*E2= 240V

32
1. A 250kVA, 11000/415V, 50Hz single phase Transformer has 80 turns on
the secondary. Calculate: (a) Rated primary and secondary currents (b)
Number of primary turns (c) Maximum value of flux in the core (d) Voltage
induced per turn on the secondary.
V1=E1=11000V, V2=E2=415V, f=50Hz, N2=80, To find I1, I2, N1, φm, E2/N2
1. V1I1=250kVA, I1=250k/11k= 22.7A
I2/I1=E1/E2 , I2=602.2A
2. E2/E1=N2/N1, N1=2120
3. φm=0.023Wb

4. E2/N2=5.1V/turn

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2. The primary winding of a 25kVA transformer has 200 turns and is
connected to 230V, 50Hz supply. Secondary turns are 50, Calculate
(a) No load secondary emf (b) Full load primary and secondary
currents (c) Flux density in the core, if the cross section of the core is
60cm2
V1I1=25kVA, N1=200, V1=E1=230V, f=50Hz, N2=50,
A=(60*10-4)m2
1. E2/E1=N2/N1 , E2=57.5V
2. V1I1=25kVA, I1=108.69A
I2/I1=N1/N2= , I2=434.76A
3.
φm= Bm = φm/A =0.85Wb/m2

34
3. A 50kVA single phase transformer has primary and secondary
turns of 300 and 20 turns respectively. The primary winding is
connected to 220V, 50Hz supply. List and compute unknown
parameters from the given data.
V1I1=50kVA, N1=300, N2=20 V1=E1=220V, f=50Hz,

Unknowns 1)ϕm 2)E2 3)I1 & I2 4)K

1)ϕm , use
2)E2 , use E2/E1=N2/N1
3)I1 , use V1I1= kVA
I2 , use I2/I1=N1/N2
4)K(Transformation ratio)=N2/N1

35
 Contents-DC Motors
• Working Principle of DC Motor
• Back EMF and its significance
• Classification & Application of DC Motors
• Torque equation & Numerical Problems
• Necessity of a starter

36
 What is a DC Motor..?
DC machine can operate either as a generator or as a motor
Motor is a device which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy.(supply is DC in case of a DC motor)
DC motors are used in machine tools, printing presses,
conveyors, fans, pumps, hoists, cranes, paper mills, textile mills
etc.

37
 Working Principle of DC Motor
DC motor working principle: Whenever a current carrying conductor is
placed in magnetic field, the conductor experiences a mechanical force
which is given by Lorentz's force equation:
F=BIL Sin Newton
B= flux density (Tesla or wb/m2) L= length of conductor(m)
I = current in conductor(A),  = angle between magnetic field and
conductor
The direction of rotation of the conductor is given by Fleming's Left Hand
Rule.

38
 In an actual DC motor, The field system produces necessary
magnetic field and the supply voltage enforces current pass
through armature conductors. Ie the current carrying conductor
is kept in a magnetic field .
The direction of force/torque experienced by the armature
conductors are unidirectional. Hence the armature starts
rotating in one direction which is given by Fleming's Left Hand
Rule.

39
Working principle of D.C. Motors

40
Fleming's Left Hand rule (Motors)

Fleming’s left hand rule for

electrical motors shows the
direction of force on a current
carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field.

41
 Fleming's left hand rule
The Left hand is held with the thumb, fore finger and middle
finger mutually at right angles, as shown in the fig. below.
• The Fore finger represents the direction of the magnetic field.
(north to south)
 The Middle finger represents the direction of the current
 The Thumb represents the direction of the force or resultant
motion.

42
Back EMF in DC Motor
When the armature of a DC motor rotates under the influence
of the driving torque , the armature conductors move through the
magnetic field and hence an emf is induced in them as in a generator.
The induced emf acts in opposite direction to the applied voltage V
(According to Lenz's law) and is known as Back EMF or Counter
EMF (Eb).
Volts

43
The presence of back e.m.f makes the dc motor as a self-
regulating machine. It makes the motor to draw as much
armature current as is just sufficient to develop the torque
required by the load.
Volts

44
Back E M F Equation of DC Motor
P – Number of poles of the machine
ϕ – Flux per pole in Weber.
Z – Total number of armature
conductors.
– No. of Slots x No. of Conductor per
slot
N – Speed of armature in revolution
per minute (r.p.m).
A – Number of parallel paths in the
armature winding
Eb – Back emf of DC Motor in volts

Volts

45
Watch the following videos related to working
principle and back emf of DC Motor
[Link]
U
[Link]
A&t=168s

46
Classification of DC Machines

47
Separately Excited DC Motor
In this type of motors, a separate DC source is used to
energise the field coils or field windings.
+
Armature current,
Ia = I =Supply current
Terminal voltage,
V= (Eb + IaRa +Brush Drop)
Volts _
Electric power at armature
+
P= EbIa Watts Ia
Ra
V - IaRa - Eb=0 - V
Eb

48
Self-Excited D.C. Motors
In this type of motors, the field coil and the armature coil
both are energized from a single source. Self excited
motors are further divided into:
i. Series wound motor
ii. Shunt wound motor
iii. Compound wound motor
a. Short Shunt compound DC Motor

b. Long Shunt compound DC Motor

49
Shunt Motors
• In this type of motors, the field winding is connected in
parallel with the armature winding.

Shunt field current,

Ish = V/Rsh Amps
Armature current,
Ia = I - Ish Amps
Terminal voltage,
V = (Eb + IaRa + Brush Drop)
Volts
Fig.3. Shunt DC Generator 50
Series motor
In this type of motors, the field winding is connected in
series with armature winding.

51
Compound Wound DC Motors
In a compound-wound motor, there are two sets of field
windings on each pole - one is in series with the armature and
the other in parallel with the armature. There are two types:
Short shunt compound motor Long shunt compound motor

The shunt field is connected only The shunt field winding is

across the armature. connected across the series
combination of armature and
series field

52
Applications Of DC Motors
Type of motor Characteristics Applications

Separately excited Possible to obtain very Paper machines, Steel

motor accurate speeds. rolling machines.

Shunt motor Torque produced is Lathes, Machine tools,

proportional to armature Printing presses,
current. Centrifugal pumps,
Constant speed motors. Fans and blowers etc.

53
Applications Of DC Motors
Type of motor Characteristics Applications

Series motor Torque produced is Electric locomotives,

proportional to square of Cranes and hoists,
armature current Conveyors,
Produces very high starting Trolley cars etc.
torque. (T )
Variable speed motors.

54
Applications Of DC Motors
Type of motor Characteristics Applications

Compound motor. Produces high starting Elevators ,

(a) Cumulative torque Conveyors,
compound motor Variable speed motors. Rolling mills,
Heavy planes etc.
(b) Differential
Torque and speed almost Employed for
compound motor experimental and
constant.
research work.

55
Torque Equation of DC Motors
Let, Ta = Torque developed by the armature in N-m
Ia = Armature current in amps
ϕ – Flux per pole in Weber.
Z – Total number of armature conductors.
– No. of Slots x No. of Conductor per slot
Ia = Armature current in amps
N – Speed of armature in revolution per minute
(r.p.m).
P – Number of poles of the machine
A – Number of parallel paths in the armature
winding

= = 0.159 N-m

56
Problem-1: A 200 V lap wound DC shunt motor has 800 conductors on
its armature. The flux per pole generated in machine is 30m Wb. The
Back emf in the machine is 190 V and armature current is 20A. Find
the speed and torque developed in the motor.
Ia =20A, ϕ =30mWb, Z = 800, Eb=190V, A=P(Lap
Wound)
N = Speed of armature in revolution per minute (r.p.m).
T = Gross Torque developed in the motor in N-m

475rpm

= 0.159 = 0.159*30m*800*20*(P/P) = 76.32N-m

57
Problem-1: A 200 V lap wound DC shunt
motor has 800 conductors on its armature.
The flux per pole generated in machine is
30m Wb. The Back emf in the machine is
190 V and armature current is 20A. Find
the speed and torque developed in the
motor.

58
A 6 pole DC Motor takes back emf of 458 V and armature current
of 110 A. The flux per pole is 50 milli weber in the machine. The
armature is wave connected and has 864 conductors .Identify the
unknown parameters and compute the same.
Ans:
Unknown parameters are:
(a) speed (b) The gross torque developed by the armature.

= 0.159 212.03rpm
=2266.7N-m

59
60
Shunt Motors
• In this type of motors, the field winding is connected in
parallel with the armature winding.

Shunt field current,

Ish = V/Rsh Amps
Armature current,
Ia = I - Ish Amps
Terminal voltage,
V = (Eb + IaRa + Brush Drop)
Volts
Fig.3. Shunt DC Generator 61
62
 DC MOTOR STARTER
The armature current drawn by a dc motor is given by,
 At starting, speed of motor is zero, so that back e.m.f. in the armature is zero
 Armature resistance is very low and if its connected to power supply directly,
huge current will pass through armature.
 The huge current may damage the machine parts
 In order to avoid the large starting current, an external resistance
(starter)must be connected in series with the armature (only during starting p
eriod), which limits the starting current to a safe value
 As the motor speed increases, the back emf increases and decreases until the
motor attains its stable speed and the corresponding back emf.
 The starting resistance is gradually cut out as the motor gains the speed and
develops the back e.m.f. Under this condition the armature current
reaches its desired value.
) 𝑽 − 𝑬𝒃 𝑽
𝑰 𝒂= 𝑰 𝒂=
𝑹𝒂 𝑹𝒂

63
INDUCTION MOTORS
Contents
• Introduction
• Construction and Types of 3-ϕ Induction Motors
• Working principle of 3-ϕ Induction Motors
• Rotor speed and slip
• Numerical Problems on slip and rotor speed
• Applications of 3-ϕ IMs

65
Introduction
• Induction Motors are the most commonly used motors
in many applications
• Induction motors are available both for three phase and
single phase operation.
• Three phase induction motors are used for high power
and Industrial applications such as lifts, pumps, exhaust
fans, lathes etc.
• Single phase Induction motors find use in domestic
electric appliances such as fans, refrigerators, washing
machines, pumps, hair-driers etc

66
Three Phase Induction Motors
Most widely used electrical motor in the industry because of its:
 simple and rugged construction.
 low cost
 reliability & efficiency
 ease of maintenance.
 Self starting capability
 Good operating characteristics
It runs at almost constant speed from no-load to full load.
Which is the most widely used electrical motor in the industry and runs at almost
constant speed from no load to full load.
Note that the stator construction remains same for both types of these motors. Only the
rotor construction changes.

67
Construction of 3-ϕ Induction Motors

68
Construction
3-ϕ Induction Motors Consist of two major parts

[Link]
[Link].

69
Construction –Types of IMs
The rotor is of two types: depending on the type of
rotor, the motor is called:
I. Squirrel cage induction motor
II. Slip ring induction motor or Phase wound
induction motor.
The stator construction remains same for both types of
induction motors. Only the rotor construction changes.

70
Construction-Stator
[Link].
The stator is built up of high-grade alloy steel
laminations to reduce eddy current losses.
It has three main parts:
i. outer frame
ii. stator core
iii. stator winding.

Fig.1 Stator of IM

71
Construction-Stator
• Stator core is attached to the stator frame.
• Stator core has many slots cut in it.
• In these slots, three phase windings are placed (either
star winding or delta winding ).

72
Construction-Stator

73
 Construction-Rotor
2. Rotor
 The rotor is also built of thin laminations of the
same material as the stator.
 The laminated cylindrical core is mounted
directly on the shaft.
 These laminations are slotted on the outer side to
receive the conductors.
 There are two types of rotor;
1. Squirrel Cage Rotor.
2. Slip ring Rotor.

74
Construction-Rotor

(a) Squirrel Cage rotor of IM (b) Slip ring rotor of IM

75
Squirrel cage rotor
 It has got its name because of its appearance.
 It is cylindrical in shape.
 The rotor has rotor core and rotor windings.
 The rotor core is made of cast steel and has slots cut in it.
 These slots are not placed in parallel to the shaft, they are
inclined at an angle. This is called skewing of slots. It is
done to avoid locking effect between tooth of stator and
tooth of rotor.

76
Squirrel cage rotor
 In rotor slots, thick copper bars are inserted. These are called
rotor conductors. Both ends of these bars are attached to thick
copper or aluminum end rings. Hence by construction, the
rotor circuit is permanently closed.
 90% of the induction motors are of this type.
 It is rugged, requires low maintenance and has high
efficiency.

77
Slip ring rotor
 Here, the rotor windings are placed in slots of rotor body.
 The rotor winding is star connected and they are brought to
three slip rings which are mounted on the same shaft as that
of rotor.
 The three windings can be directly short circuited through
external resistance.

78
Slip ring rotor
 Slip ring motor is very costly and the brushes require
regular maintenance.
 Addition of extra resistance increases the starting
torque but the power developed is less.

79
Working Principle Of 3-ϕ Induction Motor

Fig.3 Working principle of IM

80
Working Principle Of 3-ϕ Induction Motor
 In a DC motor, supply is needed to be given for the stator
winding as well as the rotor winding.
 But in an induction motor only the stator winding is fed
with an AC supply.
 Alternating flux is produced around the stator winding due
to AC supply.
 This alternating flux revolves with synchronous speed. The
revolving flux is called as "Rotating Magnetic Field" (RMF).

81
 Working Principle Of 3-ϕ Induction Motor

 This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings

and produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings
according to the
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
 Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short
circuited, an induced current flows in the rotor
windings.
 The rotor current produces another magnetic field.
 A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of
those two magnetic fields

82
Working Principle Of 3-ϕ Induction Motor

 Thus the rotor rotates in the same direction as that

of stator flux to minimize the relative velocity.
(Lenz’s law)

 However, the rotor never succeeds in catching up

the synchronous speed.

83
Rotor speed and Concept of Slip
o The IM will always run at a speed lower than
the synchronous speed.
o The difference between the motor speed and
the synchronous speed is called the Slip speed.

Slip speed=Ns-N
Where;
Ns= speed of the magnetic field or Synchronous speed
N = mechanical shaft speed of the motor or Rotor speed

84
The Slip

The difference between the speeds of stator flux NS and rotor speed N
is called slip speed(NS-N). This, when expressed as a ratio of
synchronous speed, is called slip.
 if the rotor runs at synchronous speed, s = 0
 if the rotor is stationary, s = 1
 Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the slip eq.
by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesn’t have units

85
Important formulas to estimate the slip in IM

86
Applications of 3-ϕ squirrel cage IM
Sl. Characteristics Applications
No
 economical
 rugged • Industrial drivers
 easy to construct such as printing
1  requires very less
machines.
• They are also
maintenance,
 good efficiency suitable for cranes
 high power factor. and hoist work

87
Applications of 3-ϕ slip ring IM
Sl. Characteristics Applications
No
 high starting torque • lifts
 high overload capacity.
• pumps
2  efficiency and power
factor is low compared • paper mills.
to squirrel cage motor.

88