Learning Guide-1

Unit of Competence: Demonstrate Care and

Safety Practice
Module Title: Demonstrating Care and
Safety Practice
LG Code: EIS BEI2 M09 LO1 –LO4
TTLM Code: EIS BEI2 TTLM 0920V1
 LO1: Follow safe work procedure
Information sheet-1
Finding out and describing typical hazards
1.1 Introduction
This guide provides practical advice to health
and community service organizations about
how to manage work health and safety for
community workers working in people’s
homes. It is important for all relevant parties,
including clients and primary careers, to work
together to Identify work health and safety
risks and the best ways to manage them.
1.2 describing typical hazards
Hazard is anything that may cause harm to
an individual, such as chemicals, electricity,
open drawers, and inadequate ventilation.
Types of Hazards
 Physical hazards
 Biological hazards
 Ergonomic hazards
 Chemical hazards
 Psychological Hazards
Physical hazards
 are the most normal occurrences in workplaces.
 Another reason may be due to lack of knowledge or people do
not see situations as hazards.
Examples of physical hazards that a care giver may be exposed to:
 Electrical hazards: Even in day care institutions or nursing
homes where care should be of utmost concern
 Endless loud noise: If one is going to work in a nursing home,
frequent noise from patients who are suffering from depression
is definitely a hazard.
 Spills on floors or tripping hazards: There are times when
even the caregivers themselves do not mind spills on floors.
Some of the Effects of Physical Hazards
 Fire
 Decreased efficiency
 Annoyance(irritating)
 Falls
Biological hazards
It come from working with animals, people or infectious materials.
This is, therefore, one of the most common hazards that a
caregiver faces. If one is working in a day care, hospital, hotel
laundry, nursing home, laboratories, he/she may be exposed to
biological hazards. Examples of biological hazards that a
caregiver may be exposed to:
 blood or other body fluids
 fungi
 bacteria and viruses
 contaminated wastes
Some of the Effects of Biological Hazards
 infections
 skin irritations
 allergy
 Tuberculosis
 AIDS
Ergonomic hazards
- occur when a caregiver’s nature of work, body position and
working conditions put pressure on his/her body.
- At first, sore muscles may be experienced. But long term
exposure to this type of hazard can cause musculoskeletal
problems.
Examples of ergonomic hazards that a caregiver may be
exposed to:
 performing tasks that require lifting heavy loads
 too much bending and reaching
 standing for long periods of time
 holding body parts for long period of time
 awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive ,repeating
the same movements over and over
Some of the Effects of Ergonomic Hazards
 pain in the shoulders
 back injury
 too much impact on wrist and hands
 Numbness or collaps in some parts of the body
 muscle cramps
Chemical hazards
are present when a worker is exposed to any
chemical preparation in the in any form (solid, liquid
or gas).
There may be chemicals which are safe, but some
caregivers who are sensitive to solutions may cause
skin irritation, illness or breathing problems.
Examples of chemical hazards,
may be exposed to:
liquids like cleaning products
disinfecting solutions (distroy microorganism)

Effects of Chemical Hazards

 Lung diseases
Difficulty in breathing
Allergy
Psychological Hazards
o take place when a caregiver’s work environment
becomes stressful or demanding.
Examples of psychological hazards that a person
may be exposed to:
 Burn out‖, fatigue and on call duty
 Unreasonable expectations from patients or clients
 Verbal abuse form dissatisfied clients
 Unreasonable expectations from supervisors and
management
Some of the Effects of Psychological Hazards
Depression
Anxiety(gugut or sigat)
Loss of confidence
Loss of concentration at work
Deterioration of performance at work
 Information Sheet-2 Checking OHS, hazard control procedures
and strategies to ensure safe work practices
2.1. Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
Occupational Health and Safety is the campaign and
maintenance of the well-being of workers in every occupation.
It talks about providing a safe working environment to achieve
an injury-free workplace and a healthy atmosphere that
protects every worker against illness.
2.1.1 Hazard
 Hazards involve finding all of the tasks, situations and
sequences of events that could potentially cause harm.
 Hazards from electrical equipment or installations may arise
from: the design, construction, installation, maintenance and
testing of electrical equipment or electrical installations design
change or modification inadequate or inactive electrical
protection where and how electrical equipment is used.
 Electrical equipment may be subject to operating conditions
that are likely to result in damage to the equipment or a
reduction in its expected life span.
Cont…
 type of electrical equipment. For example,
‘plug in’ electrical equipment that may be
moved around from site to site, including
extension leads, are particularly liable to
damage the age of electrical equipment and
electrical installations work carried out on or
near electrical equipment or electrical
installations, including electric overhead lines
or underground electric services, for
example work carried out in a confined
space connected to plant or services.
 Exposure to high electromagnetic fields may
also present a potential hazard for workers
with some medical conditions,
Cont….
Potential electrical hazards may be identified
in a number of different ways including:-
talking to workers and observing where and
how electrical equipment is used regularly
inspecting and testing electrical equipment
and electrical installations as appropriate
reading product labels and manufacturers’
instruction manuals talking to manufacturers,
suppliers, industry associations, and
electrical safety specialists reviewing incident
reports.
2.1.2 hazard control procedures

It is possible that workplace hazards can be controlled

by a variety of methods.
 Of course, the very reason why hazards should be
controlled is to prevent workers from being exposed to
occupational hazards.
 Hazard control comes in different processes. But one
method may be more effective than the others.
When we speak of controlling hazards and risks, it
means settling on the measure that will solve the trouble
most successfully.
 There are five major categories of control measures:
elimination, substitution, engineering controls,
administrative controls and personal protective
equipment.
Cont…
1. Eliminating a hazard means removing it
completely.
2. Substitution is replacing or substituting a
hazardous agent or work process with a less
dangerous one.
3. An engineering control may mean changing a
piece of machinery (for example, using proper
machine guards) or a work process to reduce
exposure to a hazard.
4. An administrative control may mean working a
limited number of hours in a hazardous area is an
example of an administrative control (for example,
job rotation)
5. Personal Protective Equipment includes ear and
eye protection, respirators and Protective clothing.
Cont…
Obviously, the best method of controlling
hazards and risks is through elimination. That is
to take away or to get rid of the hazard.
However, more often than not, this is not
possible. So, employers make use of any of the
remaining control measures.
 The general rule is that the use of personal
protective equipment (PPE) should be the last
alternative in controlling hazards and risks in a
workplace. Although it is said that the best
method of control measure is through
elimination of hazards, a very good technique
for a safe and healthy environment is through
the utilization of a combination of methods
 Practical ways to prevent hazards and risks

1. A Closer Look at Electricity

 As common sense dictates, you have to ensure that all electrical equipment you
use is in good condition.
 Check electrical cords and make sure they are not frayed.
 Your hands should be dry before attempting to use any electrical equipment.
 Do not attempt to change fuses unless you know what you are doing.
 Do not turn on all appliances at the same time just because you want to save time

2. strategies to ensure safe

workpractices
 Safe work practices (SWP) are usually written methods showing how
to perform a task with minimum risk to personnel, equipment,
materials, environment and processes.
 These are guidelines like do’s and don’ts but may not always be
suitable when a new hazard been identified.
 Employees should know, understand and follow the SWPs those are
applicable to own work.
Cont….
Safe work practices (SWP) are developed as an
outcome of a hazard assessment and these
should conform to the practices within the
concerned industry.
guidelines help the workers to work in the safest
way unless a new hazard been identified.
 SWPs are not step by step procedures. As the
new workers are more prone to accidents at
workplaces, they need to be trained more on
SWP.
An example of SWP is placing a notice 'mind
your steps’ at the beginning of a staircase.
 The following features are helpful in implementing safe work practices at workplace:
o Induction training for new employees.
o Training on communication and teamwork during normal and
emergency situation.
o Training on fire safety and emergency procedures.
o Training on hazard identification, risk control, use of personal
protection equipment (PPE) and first aid.
o Observation of ergonomics to reduce injuries to workers.
o Use and maintenance of appropriate tools for work and keeping
them in good working condition.
o Handling, application, labaelling and storage of hazardous and
non-hazardous materials so the workers are not exposed to danger.
o Adherence to policies and procedures to set standard actions and
reactions understandable by all and to reduce chaos in an
emergency.
o Housekeeping, cleaning and waste disposal considering
environment safety and health (ESH)
 Information Sheet-3
Checking and applying safety procedures for reporting
hazards in the work environment
3.1. Checking and applying safety procedures for reporting
hazards in the work environment
3.1.1 Hazard/Incident Reporting Procedure
All workers, including contractors, are required to complete an Accident
and Incident Report Form or Hazard and near- Miss Report Form if a
hazard/injury/incident occurs as a result of work undertaken on behalf
of premises or whilst on a work break or work travel.
3.1.1.1 What should be reported?
 All Injuries- events that cause an illness or injury requiring medical
action
 All Incidents- events that cause a minor injury of a first aid nature
 All Near-Misses- events that do not cause injury but have the potential
to do so
 All Hazards-anything which has the potential to cause ill health or
injury.
3.1.1.2 Action to be taken

Workers who experience a hazard/injury/incident

are required to take the following action:

 Advise their manager of the incident, hazard or near-

miss as soon as reasonably able
 Complete the relevant form and provide this to the
People and Culture team; if necessary their manager
may submit the relevant form on their behalf
 The People and Culture team will record all reports
and will advise, assist and investigate using the
Incident and Hazard Risk Assessment form where
required
 The internal reporting of incidents, hazards and near-
misses is separate from reporting not fixable
incidents to Compared.
 Information Sheet-4
Using personal protective clothing and equipment
4.1. Use personal protective clothing and equipment
 The primary approach in any safety effort is that the
hazard to the workmen should be eliminated or controlled
by engineering methods rather than protecting the
workmen through use of personal protective equipment
(PPE).
 Engineering methods could include design change,
substitution, ventilation, mechanical handling, automation,
etc. In situations where it is not possible to introduce any
effective engineering methods for controlling hazards, the
workman shall use appropriate types of PPE. For example,
in construction work there is the possibility of a hand tool,
a bolt, or some loose material to fall from an elevated level
and strike the head of workman below.
 4.2 personal protective clothing
 Protective clothing is either re-usable or disposable. It is used
to protect or replace the workers street clothes or uniform
when undertaking specific tasks.
 Where protective clothing is used it should be removed before
leaving the work area, and should not be used in areas where
food is consumed
 Aprons and gowns are to be worn as required to prevent
disease transmission (refer laboratory and infection control
procedures)
 Lead aprons or shielding must be use for protection when
undertaking radiation exposure prone procedures.
 All other persons should withdraw behind protective screens
Which will state?
1) PPE type to be worn;
2) areas in which to be worn; and
3) advice on when to be removed
 Cont…

Fig4.2 personal protective clothing

4.3. Personal protective equipment

 protective equipment (PPE) as a final measure must be considered
to ensure safety.
 PPE is a lower order control and can only be used where higher
order controls are not possible or are not totally effective.
 Selection and use of PPE requires careful consideration, as there
are many different types that reduce the risk of injury of contact or
exposure to a hazard.
 Incorrect use of PPE, or purchasing inappropriate PPE, can
contribute to serious workplace incidents.
Cont…
PPE that is uncomfortable, restrictive or heavy
may create secondary hazards, and, as a result,
constant supervision may be necessary to ensure
it is used effectively

Ear muffs Gloves Particle half face respirator Welding mas

Fig 4.3 Personal Protective Equipment

Types of Personal Protective
Equipment
 Hand Protection (gloves)
 Eye Protection (goggles, safety glasses, face
shields)
 Face Protection and infection prevention (eye
wear, face shield, surgical mask
 Hearing Protection (ear plugs, ear muffs
 Laser Safety
 Skin Integrity and Protection (sunscreen,
alcohol gel
 Information Sheet-1
LO2: Maintain personal wellbeing in a work environment

Assessing risks to personal wellbeing

2.1.1 Assessing risks to personal wellbeing
Risk assessment involves considering what could happen if someone is
exposed to a hazard (consequence) and the likelihood of it happening.
A risk assessment can help determine:
 the severity of an electrical risk whether existing control measures are
effective what action you should take to control an electrical risk how
urgently the action needs to be taken. To assess the risk associated
with electrical hazards consider:
 What is the potential impact of the hazard?
 How severe could the electrical hazard be? For example, direct contact
causes electrocution, fire or explosion causing serious burns or death.
Cont…
How many people are exposed to the hazard?
How likely is the hazard to cause harm?
Could it happen at any time or would it be a rare
event?
How frequently are workers exposed to the hazard?
Other factors that may affect consequence and
likelihood include: the conditions under which the
electrical equipment is used, for example wet
conditions outdoors or confined spaces work
practices and procedures, for example isolation, to
carry out maintenance the capability, skill and
experience of relevant workers.
s
Risk control of general hazards

Where exposure to machinery and equipment hazards cannot be

eliminated or substituted for machinery and equipment of
improved design, risk controls must be applied to the hazards
to prevent or reduce the risk (chance) of injury or harm.
Workplace health and safety laws require the highest order
control be applied.
Higher order machinery and equipment risk controls are
preventative by nature, are effective and durable for the
environment it is used in, and deal directly with the hazard at
its source
Lower order machinery and equipment risk controls, such as
personal protective equipment (PPE), can prevent injuries, but
are generally not as effective as higher order controls, as they
rely more on worker behavior, maintenance programs and
supervision.
 Cont…
 Administrative controls use systems of work to reduce risk by providing a
framework of expected behaviors. Examples are rotation of staff to reduce
exposure to a hazard, or a documented safe system of work, such as ‘lockout tag
out’. These types of controls rely on extensive instruction, information, training
and supervision.
 Note: The use of PPE and administrative controls are low or last order
controls used to deal with any residual risk associated with the hazard.
Effective machinery and equipment risk controls reflect some or all of the
following characteristics.
 the hazard is controlled at its source
 contact or access to the hazard is prevented
 sturdy construction (correct materials with few points of potential failure)
 fail-safe (failure of the control system to be effective will result in machinery
shut-down)
 tamper-proof design (as difficult as possible to bypass)
 presents minimum impediment to machinery and equipment operator
 easy to inspect and maintain
 does not introduce further hazards through the risk control action.
 Information Sheet-2
Following procedures for maintaining a tidy and clean personal
Work area

2.1 Following procedures for maintaining a tidy and clean personal

work area
2.1.1 Cleaning and maintenance of PPE in work area
 Cleaning
While good cleaning reduces contamination, bad cleaning increases contamination.
Check your workplace for any of the signs that indicate a poor cleaning system:
 floors are not fully dry and can be accessed
 spills and contaminants are left unattended
 a build-up of cleaning product residues (reduces slip resistance)
 cleaning equipment and cords left across walkways
 cleaning is ad hoc, unplanned and reactive
 poor, inappropriate or dirty cleaning equipment used
 Incorrect cleaning products and procedures.
 Decide on control measures
 •Cleaning methods:

Cont…
The best cleaning requires a combination of
important elements, as listed below.
1. Cleaning methods:
leave a clean and dry surface, free from moisture
or dry waste – e.g. 'clean-to-dry'
do not leave a build-up of cleaning products
maintain the slip resistant properties of the
floor/surface (if non-slip flooring)
are based on advice from the flooring supplier
are tailored to the specific flooring and
contaminants – i.e. type and concentration of
chemicals etc.
 cont….
2, Cleaning schedules:
 are systematic and well planned
 have routine daily cleaning conducted during quiet/slow
periods
 include periodic deep/comprehensive cleaning
 provide a rapid/urgent response to spills
 include indoor and outdoor areas
 include customer/visitor areas
 Accommodate for periods of bad weather.
3, Cleaning equipment/products:
 suited to the task, environment and the users
 don't spread the problem (e.g. paper-towel instead of wet
mop for small spill, or 'spill-kit' materials for oil leaks, spill
stations where resources are kept etc.)
 includes barriers and signs to keep people off any wet areas if
'clean-to-dry' is not possible
 Cont…
4, Personnel responsible for cleaning:
 cleaners are trained, equipped and supervised to do routine cleaning
 all workers assist in spot (mark) cleaning/spills management
 supervisors are trained and able to oversee work practices
 Workplace visitors and others encouraged to report hazards where
appropriate.
5, Cleaning methods to consider
 The cleaning method you use will depend on a number of factors. This is
best decided in consultation with the flooring and cleaning equipment
suppliers based on the workplace's requirements. A combination of
methods may be used across the workplace.
6, Cleaning management
 Correct and timely floor cleaning is a major part of reducing slips.
 Cleaning using the wrong methods and/or wrong chemical solutions can
make surfaces slippery and can reduce the slip-resistance of some
flooring.
 Effective systems also ensure that staff, contractors and others are aware
of and follow their roles and responsibilities in slips and trips prevention.
 Cont…
o As part of the risk assessment, check that:

 cleaning methods for all floors and paths are fully specified and recorded
or updated
 cleaning contractors have been instructed on the required methods and
standards
 cleaning is scheduled when there is minimum foot traffic in the area
 workers have been provided with training in the procedures for dealing
with slip, trip and fall hazards
 accountability for floor quality and housekeeping is clearly specified and
known by all staff
 supervisors have been adequately trained and are able to appropriately
supervise work practices
 a reliable spot-cleaning system is in place and known by all staff.
 If any of the above are not in place, add these to your Risk Control Plan
for action.
 Cont….
7, Maintenance
 The maintenance of buildings and equipment may be the most
important element of good housekeeping. Maintenance involves
keeping buildings, equipment and machinery in safe, efficient working
order and in good repair. It includes maintaining sanitary facilities and
regularly painting and cleaning walls.
 A good maintenance program provides for the inspection,
maintenance, upkeep and repair of tools, equipment, machines and
processes
8, Dust and Dirt Removal
 Enclosures and exhaust ventilation systems may fail to collect dust,
dirt and chips adequately. Vacuum cleaners are suitable for removing
light dust and dirt that is not otherwise hazardous. Industrial models
have special fittings for cleaning walls, ceilings, machinery, and other
hard-to-reach places where dust and dirt may accumulate.
 Special-purpose vacuums are useful for removing hazardous products.
 Compressed air should not be used for removing dust, dirt or chips
from equipment or work surfaces.
 Cont…
9, Employee Facilities
 Employee facilities need to be adequate, clean and well maintained. Lockers
may be necessary for storing employees' personal belongings. Washroom
facilities require cleaning once or more each shift. They also need to have a
good supply of soap, towels plus disinfectants, if needed.
 If workers are using hazardous products, employee facilities should provide
special precautions as needed such as showers, washing facilities and
change rooms. Some facilities may require two locker rooms with showers
between. Using such double locker rooms allows workers to shower off
workplace contaminants and reduces the chance of contaminating their
"street clothes" by keeping their work clothes separated from the clothing
that they wear home.
 Smoking, eating or drinking in the work area should be prohibited where
hazardous products are handled. The eating area should be separate from
the work area and should be cleaned properly each shift.
Surfaces
Floors: - Poor floor conditions are a leading cause of incidents so cleaning up
spilled oil and other liquids at once is important. Allowing chips, shavings
and dust to accumulate can also cause incidents.
 Cont…
Trapping chips, shavings and dust before they reach the
floor or cleaning them up regularly can prevent their
accumulation. Areas that cannot be cleaned continuously,
such as entrance ways, should have anti-slip flooring.
Keeping floors in good order also means replacing any worn,
ripped, or damaged flooring that poses a tripping hazard.
Walls: Light-coloured walls reflect light while dirty or dark-
coloured walls absorb light. Contrasting colours warn of
physical hazards and mark obstructions such as pillars. Paint
can highlight railings, guards and other safety equipment,
but should never be used as a substitute for guarding. The
program should outline the regulations and standards for
colours.
10, Maintain Light Fixtures
Dirty light fixtures reduce essential light levels. Clean light
fixtures can improve lighting efficiency significantly.
 Cont…
11, Aisles and Stairways
 Aisles should be wide enough to accommodate people and vehicles
comfortably and safely. Aisle space allows for the movement of people,
products and materials. Warning signs and mirrors can improve sight-
lines in blind corners. Arranging aisles properly encourages people to
use them so that they do not take shortcuts through hazardous areas.
 Keeping aisles and stairways clear is important. They should not be used
for temporary "overflow" or "bottleneck" storage. Stairways and aisles
also require adequate lighting.
12, Spill (fall) Control
 The best way to control spills is to stop them before they happen.
 Regularly cleaning and maintaining machines and equipment is one way.
 Another is to use drip pans and guards where possible spills might occur.
 When spills do occur, it is important to clean them up immediately.
 Absorbent materials are useful for wiping up greasy, oily or other liquid
spills.
 Used absorbents must be disposed of properly and safely.
 Cont….
13, Tools and Equipment
 Tool housekeeping is very important, whether in the tool room, on the rack, in
the yard, or on the bench. Tools require suitable fixtures with marked
locations to provide an orderly arrangement. Returning tools promptly after
use reduces the chance of it being misplaced or lost. Workers should
regularly inspect, clean and repair all tools and take any damaged or worn
tools out of service.
14, Waste Disposal
 The regular collection, grading and sorting of scrap contribute to good
housekeeping practices. It also makes it possible to separate materials that
can be recycled from those going to waste disposal facilities.
 Allowing material to build up on the floor wastes time and energy since
additional time is required for cleaning it up.

15, Storage
Good organization of stored materials is essential for overcoming material
storage problems whether on a temporary or permanent basis. There will also
be fewer strain injuries if the amount of handling is reduced, especially if less
manual material handling is required.
 cont….
Flammable, combustible, toxic and other
hazardous materials should be stored in
approved containers in designated areas that
are appropriate for the different hazards that
they pose. Storage of materials should meet all
requirements specified in the fire codes and the
regulations of environmental and occupational
health and safety agencies in your jurisdiction.
 LO3: Be aware of and report on safety of
self and others
 Information Sheet-1
 Identifying situations that may endanger own safety and other
workers
 We understand that sometimes accidents do happen, but it’s important
that employees understand the need to remain accountable and
responsible for their own health and safety and do not solely(only) rely
on their employers.
 With that in mind we have created a quick guide to help you, the
employer understand the responsibilities your team have to uphold
health and safety in the workplace.
 Taking Care of Personal Health and Safety
It goes without saying that a happy workforce is a healthy one. Outside
of work, employees are free to do as they please but as an employer you
do have the right to expect that a high level of general health is upheld.
This helps to ensure that staff members can adequately and safely perform
their duties when at work.
 Cont…
 Remaining Alert in The Workplace
Whilst as an employer you will have made every attempt to provide a
completely safe workplace, accidents do happen and equipment can break.
It’s important that staff is able to remain alert, are able to spot(mark) any
hazards and understand how to appropriately deal with these situations in
order to avoid any issues.
Employees should also be able to safely be aware of their physical state. For
example, if a member of staff begins to feel excessively stress, tired or
unwell, they should know when to stop working in order to remain safe. This
is especially true for those using heavy equipment and machinery.
 PPE, Clothing and Hair
 If you work in an area that requires specific rules surrounding clothing and
appearance it is of utmost importance that employees have been provided
with the appropriate equipment.
 It should be expected that staff who require personal protective equipment
are wearing it at all times when working in high risk situations. This can
include, hard hats, high vis, safety boots and more.
 If your workplace doesn’t require specific PPE but employees will be
working with machinery, they should ensure that any loose garments such
as ties are removed and that long hair is tied back or covered completely.
 Cont…
 Working with Your Employee on Health and Safety
 As an employer you will have put training procedures into place to help keep staff
safe. However, training does not always need to come from management and your
team members should be both willing and able to suggest new training that could
further help them with their duties and health and safety.
 Sometimes staff can be unsure about asking employers for health and safety
checks for fear of feeling annoying or awkward (uncomfortable) The online service
will score their environment and help them to to feel confident when bringing up
any issues.
 You should also expect employees to be able to talk with you about how they are
feeling, as you should always be aware if there are any issues with staff performing
their work duties, safely and correctly. Ill, injured or stressed staff should talk to
you straight away about any difficulties they may be facing
 Thinking of Others Health and Safety
 Staff members also have a responsibility to look out for their peers and colleagues.
 Acting recklessly or carelessly in the workplace could have an effect on
surroundings
peoples action and could ultimately endanger other employees.
 They should never interfere or misuse (use wrongly) any precautions that have
been put into place by you as the employer to help with health and safety such as
fire exits and alarms. Likewise you should always be made aware of any other staff
members that have done so as this is hugely important for every staff members
health and safet
Cont…
 What happens if there has been an
issue?
Its important that staff feel they can approach you
with and health and safety issues within the
workplace. To help employees further
understand general health and safety policies
they. They should also be aware that if they have
spoken to a member of management and are
still worried that their issues have not been
resolved, (determaind) they are able to contact a
local health and safety authority to inspect the
issue.
information Sheet-2
Dealing with incidents and injuries and reporting to appropriate people
2.1. Dealing with incident
An event that occurs involving an employee, student or
member of the public that results in or could result in injury or
financial loss or damage to College property as defined below:
2.1.1 Injury
a. First Aid Injuries: An injury that requires onsite first aid
by theCampus Nurse, Security or Departmental First Aid
Delegate.
b. Health Care Injuries: An injury that requires onsite
medical evaluation/care from the Campus Nurse Practitioner
or an offsite Medical Professional.
c. Lost time Injuries: An injury that requires lost time from
work beyond the day of the injury, for employees.
d. Critical Injury: An injury of a serious nature that:
Cont…
i. places life in jeopardy;
ii. produces unconsciousness;
iii. Results in substantial loss of blood;
iv. involves the fracture of a leg or arm, but not
a finger or toe;
v. involves the amputation (elimination) of a leg,
arm, hand or foot but not a finger or toe;
vi. Consists of burns to a major portion of the
body; or
vii. Causes the loss of sight in an eye.
e. Fatality: An injury causing death.
 2.1.2. Occupational Illness
 An incident involving an exposure to an employee of a chemical or
biological substance or an exposure to noise, through the course of
employment, which causes an occupational illness.
2.1.3. Property Damage
An incident that results in damage to College property or the
property of employees, students or members of the public
while that property is on St. Clair College property
2.1.4. Fire
An incident that causing a fire on College property
2.1.5. Environmental Releases
An incident that results in a release of hazardous materials,
hazardous waste or sewage to the environment.
2.2, injuries
 Types of injuries that can occur from manual tasks are gradual
wear and tear – caused by frequent or prolonged periods of
muscular effort Associated with repeated or continuous use of
the same body parts, including static body
 Cont…
 Positions sudden damage – caused by intense or strenuous activity or
unexpected movements such as when people who are being handled move or
change position suddenly. Most injuries are due to wear and tear in daily
tasks. Although an injury could appear to be the result of an overload
situation, the event that triggered the injury may have been the 'last straw' on
already damaged tissues.
Injuries caused by electric current
 Electric current can pass through the body when the body becomes
part of the electric circuit. Electric current flowing through the body
can cause:
 electric shock
 electrocution
 burns caused by electric current and arc flash
The severity of the injury depends on:
 Amount of current flowing through the body.
 Path of the current through the body.
 Length of time the body is in the circuit.
 The voltage of the current.
 Cont…
 A person receiving a shock caused by grabbing a bare conductor can generally relea
se himself when the current passing through his body is less than 15 mA.
 The high resistance of a dry skin is rapidly broken down by a high voltage.
 High voltages:-
cause violent muscular contraction, often so severe that the victim is thrown clear.
An electric shock may injure the human body in several ways:
 Contraction of chest muscles causing interference with breathing, leading to
asphyxiation(insufficent or no oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchange)
 Temporary paralysis of the nerve center leading to breathing failure.
 Ventricular fibrillation which is an irregular movement of heart muscles leadi
ng to failureof blood circulation. The heart cannot spontaneously recover, ca
using death.
 Hemorrhage(more blood flowing in to inside
body) and destruction of nerves, tissues and muscles, caused mainly by heat.
 When electricity passes through the body, it can interfere with the normal
electricalsignals between the brain and other body systems.Arc flashes result i
n intense heat causing burns or ignition of other materials.
 Contact with high voltage can cause burns in internal tissues.
 Cont…
Precautions to be taken while working with electricity
 Check for damage on power plugs, wire and other electrical fittings. If found dama
ged, repair or replace damaged equipment immediately.
 Keep electrical wires of equipment away from hot surfaces to prevent damage of
The insulation.
 Do not lay electric wires along passage. It can be a trip hazard. Further contact wit
h
• sharp edges can cause damage to insulation leading to short circuit.
• Know the location of switches/
circuit breaker boxes for use in case of an emergency.
 All circuit breakers in the switch board must be clearly labelled for easy identificat
ion
 .Access to circuit breakers must not be blocked.
 Extension cords must be used only to supply power temporarily.
 Do not handle electrical equipment when hands, feet or body are wet or perspiring
, orwhen standing on a wet floor.
 Consider all floors as conductive unless covered with insulating matting of suitable
type for electrical work.
 Whenever possible, use only one hand when working on circuits or control devices.
 Do not wear rings, metallic watchbands, chains etc. when working with electricale
quipment.
 Cont…
Precautions to be taken while using power tools
 Before connecting the tool to the power supply, switch the to
ol OFF.
 Disconnect power supply before making adjustments.
 The tool must be properly grounded with a 3-
wire cord with a 3prong plug. Use double
insulated tools wherever possible.
 Do not use electrical tools in wet conditions or damp location
s
 connected to an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker.
2.3 Reporting
A report is a part of a documentation which is sharp and short
and specially written for a particular purpose and audience.
A report consists of specific and important information which
is analyzed and applied to a particular problem or issue,
often making recommendations for future action.
 Cont…
Characteristics of reports
Requirements and content of a report may vary business to
business and departments to a department. Thus to
understand the information that written, a report has
possessed the following;
Clear and well-structured format
Provides a brief of instruction and guideline
Outline of the purpose of report, audience, and issue or
problems.
 Easy to locate and follow.
rectify or report prior to commencement (begining)
An emergency is a situation that poses an immediate risk to
health, life, property, or environment. Reporting emergency
situations are rare but do occur, so having a plan for handling
them is helpful. If the practitioner(s) believe his/her client is
in imminent (caming up) danger of killing or injuring
themselves or another person,
Cont…
Phone the local police or emergency services
immediately
Stay with the person until help arrives
Ask what is the root cause of emergency
situation
If the root cause is being known:
Instruct the client to give the object to someone
for safekeeping
Discuss who can be notified of the risk and
weapon (solders materials) and follow up
Listen, but do not judge, argue, threaten, (make
fear)or yell(make sound loud)
 Information Sheet-3
Taking part in activities to foster (Improve) safe working
3.1 Taking part in activities to foster (Improve) safe working
3.1.1 The 7 Steps to Improve Workplace Health and Safety
 The Occupational Health and Safety Regulation under the
jurisdiction (authority) of Work Safe requires that all small
businesses have an occupational health and safety program.
 A workplace health and safety program is a process for managing
the prevention of work-related injuries and diseases in the
workplace. As a small business owner and employer you have a
responsibility to your employees toward improving health and
safety.
 The scope of your health and safety program depends on the size of
your business and the hazards at your particular workplace.
Generally, a small business can state its health and safety policy
and describe its program in a few pages. The following seven steps
focus on the basics of a less formal program for smaller businesses;
 these key steps to a safe work environment will be the basic
components of your health and safety program.
 Cont…
1. Create a Plan for Improving Health and Safety
 As an employer, you must identify hazards in your workplace and take
steps to eliminate or minimize them. Develop a safety plan. Tell your
employees what you will do to ensure their safety and what you expect
from them. Make sure your employees have access to a first aid kit.
2. Inspect Your Workplace
Regularly check all equipment and tools to ensure that they are well
maintained and safe to use. Also check storage areas and review safe work
procedures. Are boxes in your storage area stacked in a safe manner?

3. Train Your Employees

Proper training is necessary for all employees, especially if there is
a risk for potential injury associated with a job. Provide written
instructions and safe work procedures so they can check for
themselves if they are unsure of a task or have forgotten part of
their training. Supervise your employees to ensure that they are
using their training to perform their job properly and safely.
 Cont…
4. Maintain Records
 Recordes management is responsible for the efficient and systematic control of
creation ,receipt, maintenance, use and disposition of records, including
processes for capturing and maintaining evidence of and information about
business activities and transactions in the form of records
5. Keep an Open Dialogue
 Meet regularly with your staff and discuss health and safety issues. Encourage
them to share their ideas and thoughts on how to improve safety in the workplace.
You might even consider providing first aid training for staff so they are prepared
to deal with emergency situation
6. Investigate Accidents
 Even if an incident does not result in a serious injury, conduct an incident
investigation to help determine why an incident happened so you can take steps to
ensure that it will not recur.
 Keep records of all first aid treatment, inspections, incident investigations, and
training activities.
7. Make Improving Health and Safety a Key Part of Business
Safety shouldn’t be an after-thought; it’s just as important to a successful business
as customer service, inventory control, and financial planning. A commitment to
health and safety makes good business sense because it’s the one way to protect
your greatest resource your people.
 LO4: Follow emergency procedures
Information Sheet-1
 Responding to a range of emergencies
 1.1 What is an Emergency?
is a situation that poses an immediate risk to health, life, property, or
environment.
1.2 Responding to a range of emergencies
 Environmental emergencies, including hurricanes,(over wind)
floods,(gorf) wildfires, oil spills, chemical spills, acts of
terrorism, and others, threaten (warn) the lives and health of
the public, as well as those who respond.
 Responders are normally the first on the scene of an
emergency, and range from police, fire, and emergency health
personnel, to community volunteers. As they work to bring the
emergency under control, and save lives and property, they
may expose themselves to potentially harmful conditions and
contaminants.
 Cont…
Electrical Emergency Response
The following instructions provide guidelines for handling
three types of electrical emergencies.
1. Electric Shock
When someone suffers serious electrical shock, he or she may
be knocked unconscious. If the victim is still in contact with
the electrical current, do not touch the person and
immediately turn off the electrical power source. If you
cannot disconnect the power source, try to separate the
victim from the power source with a nonconductive object,
such as a wood-handled broom. Have someone call for
emergency medical assistance immediately. Administer first
aid, as appropriate.
Important
Do not touch a victim that is still in contact with a power
source; you could electrocute yourself.
Cont…
2. Electrical Fire
If an electrical fire occurs, try to disconnect the
electrical power source, if possible. If the fire is
small, you are not in immediate danger, and you have
been trained in fighting fires, use any type of fire
extinguisher except water to extinguish the fire.
Important
do not use water on an electrical fire
3. Power Lines
Stay away from live power lines and downed power
lines. Be particularly careful if a live power line is
touching a body of water. The water could conduct
electricity. If a power line falls on your car while you
are inside, remain in the vehicle until help arrives.
 information Sheet-2
Following emergency procedures
2.1. Following emergency procedures
 Workplaces need a plan for emergencies that can have a wider
impact. Special procedures are needed for emergencies such as
serious injuries, explosion, flood, poisoning,(merzama) electrocution,
fire, release of radioactivity and chemical spills.
 Quick and effective action may help to ease the situation and reduce
the consequences. However, in emergencies people are more likely to
respond reliably if they:
 are well trained and competent
 take part in regular and realistic practice
 have clearly agreed, recorded and rehearsed plans, actions and
responsibilities
 Write an emergency plan if a major incident at your workplace could
involve risks to the public, rescuing employees or co-coordinating
emergency services.
 Where you share your workplace with another employer you should
consider whether your emergency plans and procedures should be co-
ordinate.
 Cont…
 2.1.1 Points to include in emergency procedures
 Consider what might happen and how the alarm will be raised. Don’t
forget night and shift working, weekends and times when the premises
are closed, eg holidays
 Plan what to do, including how to call the emergency services. Help
them by clearly marking your premises from the road. Consider drawing
up a simple plan showing the location of hazardous items
 Decide where to go to reach a place of safety or to get rescue
equipment. You must provide suitable forms of emergency lighting
 You must make sure there are enough emergency exits for everyone to
escape quickly, and keep emergency doors and escape routes
unobstructed and clearly marked
 Nominate competent people to take control (a competent person is
someone with the necessary skills, knowledge and experience to manage
health and safety)
 Decide which other key people you need, such as a nominated incident
controller, someone who is able to provide technical and other site-
specific information if necessary, or first-aiders

 Cont…
Plan essential actions such as emergency plant shutdown,
isolation or making processes safe. Clearly identify important
items like shut-off valves and electrical isolators etc
You must train everyone in emergency procedures. Don’t
forget the needs of people with disabilities and vulnerable
workers
Work should not resume after an emergency if a serious
danger remains. If you have any doubts ask for assistance
from the emergency services
information Sheet-3
Getting help from team members and supervisors
3.1 Getting help from team members
The first rule of team building is an obvious one: to lead a team
effectively, you must first establish your leadership with each
team member. Remember that the most effective team
leaders build their relationships of trust and loyalty, rather
than fear or the power of their positions.
 Cont…
 Consider each employee's ideas as valuable. Remember that there is no such
thing as a stupid idea.
 Be aware of employees' unspoken feelings. Set an example to team members
by being open with employees and sensitive to their moods and feelings.
 Act as a harmonizing (balancing) influence. Look for chances to mediate(idea
matcher) and resolve minor disputes;(conflict) point continually toward the team's
higher goals.
 Be clear when communicating. Be careful to clarify directives.
 Encourage trust and cooperation among employees on your team. Remember
that the relationships team members establish among themselves are every bit as
important as those you establish with them. As the team begins to take shape, pay
close attention to the ways in which team members work together and take steps to
improve communication, cooperation, trust, and respect in those relationships.
 Encourage team members to share information. Emphasize the importance of
each team member's contribution and demonstrate how all of their jobs operate
together to move the entire team closer to its goal.
 Delegate problem-solving tasks to the team. Let the team work on creative
solutions together.
 Facilitate communication. Remember that communication is the single most
important factor in successful teamwork. Facilitating communication does not mean
holding meetings all the time. Instead it means setting an example by remaining
open to suggestions and concerns, by asking questions and offering help, and by
doing everything you can to avoid confusion in your own communication.
 Cont…
Establish team values and goals; evaluate team performance.
 Be sure to talk with members about the progress they are making
toward established goals so that employees get a sense both of their
success and of the challenges that lie ahead. Address teamwork in
performance standards. Discuss with your team:
 What do we really care about in performing our job?
 What does the word success mean to this team?
 What actions can we take to live up to our stated values?
Make sure that you have a clear idea of what you need to
accomplish;
 that you know what your standards for success are going to be; that
you have established clear time frames; and that team members
understand their responsibilities.
Use consensus or agreement.
 Set objectives, solve problems, and plan for action. While it takes
much longer to establish consensus, this method ultimately
provides better decisions and greater productivity because it
secures every employee's commitment to all phases of the work.
 Cont…
Set ground rules for the team.
 These are the norms that you and the team establish to ensure efficiency
and success. They can be simple directives (Team members are to be
punctual for meetings) or general guidelines (Every team member has the
right to offer ideas and suggestions), but you should make sure that the
team creates these ground rules by consensus and commits to them, both
as a group and as individuals.
Establish a method for arriving at a consensus.
 You may want to conduct open debate about the pros (professional player)
and cons (machiberber) of proposals, or establish research committees to
investigate issues and deliver reports.
Encourage listening and brainstorming.
As supervisor, your first priority in creating consensus is to
stimulate debate. Remember that employees are often afraid
to disagree with one another and that this fear can lead your
team to make mediocre (middling) decisions. When you
encourage debate you inspire creativity and that's how you'll
encourage your team on to better results.
 Cont…
Establish the parameters of consensus-building sessions.
 Be sensitive to the frustration that can mount when the team is not achieving
consensus. At the outset of your meeting, establish time limits, and work with the
team to achieve consensus within those parameters. Watch out for false
consensus; if an agreement is struck too quickly, be careful to probe (investigate)
individual team members to discover their real feelings about the proposed
solution.
3.2 supervisors
 A supervisor, or also known
as foreman, overseer, facilitator, monitor, area coordinator, or
sometimes gaffer, is the job title of a low level management position that
is primarily based on authority over a worker or charge of a workplace. A
supervisor can also be one of the most senior in the staff at the place of
work, such as a Professor who oversees a PhD dissertation. Supervision,
on the other hand, can be performed by people without this formal title,
for example by parents. The term supervisor itself can be used to refer to
any personnel who have this task as part of their job description.
 Consultation and less evaluation. Nevertheless, the element of
‘overseeing’ is always pre­sent. However, to present supervision in these
terms only does not do justice to the supervision phenomenon. It does not
capture the essence of the interpersonal supervi­sory relationship.
10 Q?