Chapter 3 (ECE
100)
2ND SEMESTER, A.Y. 2023-2024
Department` of Electronics Engineering
Magnetism and
Electromagnetism
Engr. Lovely Mae Dagsa, MSME, ECT
Caraga State University
03 | 2024
INTRODUCTION
MAGNETISM - It refers to physical phenomena arising from the
force caused by magnets, objects that produce fields that attract or
repel other objects.
MAGNET - It is any material that produces a magnetic force
(push or pull) on a magnetic material.
ECE 101| ADVANCED ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Series and Parallel Circuits
ECE 101| ADVANCED ENGINEERING PHYSICS
2 TYPES OF MAGNET
1. Natural magnets:
o has magnetic property in its natural states (e.g. magnetites, lodestone)
o These are weak magnets.
2 TYPES OF MAGNET
2. Artificial Magnet
o are made of materials like iron, nickel and cobalt which can be easily
magnetized.
o these are strong magnets and can be made in different shapes.
2 TYPES OF MAGNET
Every magnet has two poles the north pole and
south pole called Magnetic Poles.
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNET
Like Magnetic poles repel and unlike poles attract.
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNET
A piece of magnetite, when made to hang and swing
freely, would align itself with the magnetic field of
the earth following a north-south direction.
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNET
Permanent magnets are Other metals like iron
magnets made from can be magnetized by
alloys of cobalt and Induction.
nickel
MAGNETIC FIELD
o It is the regions surrounding a magnet in which the force of the
magnet can be experience.
o Lines show areas of force exerted in a region around a magnet.
MAGNETIC FIELD
o Closer lines show greater force, force is strongest
near the magnet.
MAGNETIC FLUX (Φ)
o The entire group of magnetic field lines, which flow
outward from the north pole of a magnet,
o
o The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb). One
weber equals 1 magnetic field lines.
o Since the weber is a large unit for typical
fields, the microweber (µWb) is used (1
µWb = 1 Wb).
MAGNETIC FLUX (Φ)
Example: If a magnitude flux has 5000 lines, find
the number of microwebers.
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY (B)
It is the magnetic flux per unit area of a section
perpendicular to the direction of the flux. The equation of
the magnetic flux is
Where B= magnetic flux density in teslas (T) ;
Wb/ is called tesla
Ф = magnetic flux, Wb
A= area in square meters ( 〖 𝑚〗 ^2)
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY (B)
Example: What is the flux density in teslas when there
exists a flux of 6OOμWb through an area of 0.0003 ?
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
• Are those materials which are attracted or repelled by a
magnet, and which can be magnetized themselves.
• Most common are the iron and steel
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Permeability
refers to the ability of a magnetic material to
concentrate magnetic flux.
Classification of Magnetic Materials
o Ferromagnetic materials
o Paramagnetic materials
o Diamagnetic materials
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Ferromagnetic Materials
o Are those substances which exhibit strong magnetism in the
same direction of the field, when a magnetic field is applied
to it.
o These include iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, and commercial
alloys, such as alnico and Permalloy.
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Paramagnetic Materials
o Become magnetized in a magnetic field but their
magnetism disappears when the field is removed.
o These include aluminum, platinum, manganese, and
chromium. Relative permeability is slightly more than 1.
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Diamagnetic Materials
o Refers to materials that are not affected by a magnetic field
o These include bismuth, antimony, copper, zinc, mercury, gold,
and silver. Relative permeability is less than 1.
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Magnets have their lot of applications in the daily life.
The major 10 uses of the magnets are as follows:
o They are used to construct the electrical motors and
the generators which convert the electrical energy
into mechanical energy and vice verse.
o They are also used in the speakers which can convert
the electrical energy into sound energy.
o They are used in the electrical bells.
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
o They are used in the Maglev trains. In the Maglev trains,
the super conducting magnets are used on the tracks on
which the train floats. These types of the trains are
working on the repulsion force of the magnets.
o They are also used to sort out the magnetic and non-
magnetic substances from the scrap.
o They are used in TV screens, computer screens,
telephones and in tape recorders.
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
o They are used by the candy or cold drink vendors to
separate the metallic cap from the lots.
o They are used in cranes.
o They are used in the refrigerators to keep the door
close.
o The most important use of the magnet is the magnetic
compass which is used to find the geographical
directions.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
ECE 101| ADVANCED ENGINEERING PHYSICS
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Magnetism is closely related to Electricity . These two characteristics
combine to make one of the fundamental forces known as
Electromagnetism
An electric current flowing through a conductor produced a
magnetic field around that conductor.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Circular pattern of magnetic lines around current in a conductor.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Strength of the magnetic field depends on the amount of current.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Polarity of a Single Conductor
Right-hand rule
is a convenient way to determine the relationship between the
flow of current in a conductor (wire) and the direction of the
magnetic lines of force around the conductor.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Magnetic Fields Aiding or Canceling.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Magnetic Field and Polarity of a Coil.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
The polarity depends on the direction of current flow and the
direction of winding. Current flow is from the positive side of the
voltage source, through the coil, and back to the negative terminal
(Fig. 9-7).
ELECTROMAGNETISM
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electromagnet
Is a magnet that runs on electricity
Consists of a soft-iron core around which a number of turns of
insulated wire are wound, becomes magnet when connected to a
source of electricity.
Electromagnets have several uses and practical applications. They
can be found in various everyday electronics and are also used for
industrial purposes ourselves.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
USES ELECTROMAGNET:
ELECTROMAGNETISM
MAGNETIC UNITS:
Ampere-Turns NI
Field Intensity H
Magnetization Curve BH
Hysteresis
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Ampere-Turns NI:
The strength of a magnetic field in a coil of wire depends on
how much current flows in the turns of the coil.
The product of the current times the number of turns of the
coil, which is expressed in units called ampere-turns (At).
ELECTROMAGNETISM
known as the magnetomotive force (mmf). As a
formula,
F = ampere-turns = NI
where : F = magnetomotive force, At
N = number of turns
I = current, A
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Example:
Calculate the ampere-turns for a coil with 1500 turns and a
4-mA current.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Field Intensity H:
The field intensity thus depends on how long the coil is. Expressed as
an equation:
where H = magnetic field intensity, ampere-turns per meter (At/m)
NI = ampere-turns, At
I = length between poles of the coil, m
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Example:
(a) Find the field intensity of a 40 turn, 10-cm-long coil, with
3 A flowing in it
(b)If the same coil is stretched to 20cm, with the wire length
and current remaining the same, what’ is the new value of
field intensity
(c) The 10-cm coil in part (a) with the same 3 A flowing is
now wound around an iron core that is 20 cm long. What is
the field intensity?
ELECTROMAGNETISM
ELECTROMAGNETISM
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS:
is made up of one or more closed loop paths containing
a magnetic flux.
can be compared with an electric current in which an
emf produces a current flow.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Reluctance (𝕽)
Opposition to the production of flux in a material which
corresponds to resistance.
is inversely proportional to permeability
Definition, 𝕽 = F/Φ
Units, (At/Wb)
ELECTROMAGNETISM
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Ohm’s Law for Magnetic Circuits:
Ohm’s law for magnetic circuits, corresponding to
I=VR, is
φ=𝑚𝑚𝑓/𝑅
where φ = magnetic flux, Wb
𝕽 = reluctance, At/Wb
mmf = magnetomotive force, At
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Reluctance can be expressed as an equation as follows:
𝕽=𝑙/(µ𝐴)
where 𝕽 = reluctance, At/Wb
I = length of coil, m
µ = permeability of magnetic material,
(T - m)/At
A = cross-sectional area of coil, 〖 𝑚〗 ^2
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Example:
A coil has an mmf of 500At and a reluctance of 2 x lO⁶
At/Wb. Compute the total flux Ф.
THANK YOU!
