CONTENT:
Behaviour of Ductile material
under direct loads
◦ Load Extension Curve (or) Stress
Strain Curve of a Ductile
Material
Behaviour of Brittle material
under direct loads
◦ Load Extension Curve (or) Stress
Strain Curve of a Brittle Material
Behaviour of Ductile Material
under Direct Loads:
Stress Strain Curve of a
Ductile Material
◦ Consider a mild steel bar of uniform
diameter ‘d’ and gauge length ‘l’.
◦ The ductile metal is subjected to a
tensile load.
(σt)
Pr
o po
rti
o na
Ela lL
st im
ic it
Lim
it
Yi
eld
Po
in
t
St
Ha rain
(Ɛt)
Po rde
in n i n
Utl g
Lo tima
P ad te
B r o in
ea t
kin
g
Po
in
t
A – Proportional Limit:
When a mild steel bar is under
tensile force, its length increased
and it attains its original length
when the force withdrawn. This
happens up to a certain limit i.e.
Stress is proportional to Strain.
This point is called as Limit of
Proportionality.
B – Elastic Limit:
Up to the elastic limit the body
regains its original shape after the
removal of the load. Beyond this
point, any increase of load cause a
permanent deformation known as
permanent set.
The Stress is not proportional
to Strain in the range beyond the
Elastic limit.
This range is called as Elastic
C, D – Yield Point (or)
Yield Stress - σy
Beyond elastic limit strain is
increased, without increase in load.
After certain limit, with increase in
load strain remain constant. The
phenomenon of increase in strain
without increase in load is called
Yielding (or) Yield Point.
Yield Stress,
E – Strain Hardening Point:
The curve portion DE is the
Creeping Stage.
The point E upto which the stress
is constant in the range DE for
increase in strain is termed as
Strain Hardening Point.
F – Ultimate Load Point
(or) Ultimate Stress - σu
The maximum stress which a bar
can carry under load is called as
Ultimate load.
The stress is corresponding to
ultimate load is called Ultimate
Stress.
Ultimate Stress,
G – Breaking Point (or)
Breaking Stress - σb
In a load test under Plastic Stage
this strain increases, and the stress
decreases suddenly.
The bar breaks into two pieces.
The stress corresponding to the
point G at which the bar breaks is
termed as Breaking Point and
the stress is called as Breaking
Stress.
Breaking Stress,
Breaking Stress (Actual),
Breaking Stress (Nominal),
Working Stress - σallow:
A safe stress is determined from the
ultimate stress for the design purpose.
It is called as Working Stress.
This is much less than the Ultimate
Stress and is actually within the elastic
limit.
Factor of Safety:
The ratio between Ultimate Stress
to Working Stress is known as
Factor of Safety (FoS)
Load Factor:
The ratio of ultimate load to working
load is called as Load Factor.
Percentage of Elongation:
The ratio of extension of the
specimen after fracture to the gauge
length, expressed as a percentage,
is called and Percentage of
Elongation.
Percentage of Reduction
in Area:
The ratio of the maximum reduction
in cross sectional area of the
fracture test piece to the original
area of cross section, expressed as a
percentage is called as Percentage
of Reduction in Area.
Yield Stress,
Ultimate Stress,
Breaking
Stress
(Actual),
Breaking Stress
(Nominal),
STRESS – STRAIN CURVE OF
A BRITTLE MATERIAL:
For a brittle material the strength can
be found by tension testing machine.
There will not be permanent yield
point, hence difficult to find Yield
Stress.
For brittle material Ultimate Stress, %
of Elongation and Reduction in area
can be calculated.
A line drawn parallel to stress strain
curve, the point at which it meets the
curve is Yield Point and corresponding
Yield Stress.
The tensile strength is minimum and
% of elongation will be less than 5%.
Thank
