EFFLUENT TREATMENT IN
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
Industrial pollution engineering
Group members:
1) Sumalika Roy (18BCM0111)
2) Sonali Singh (18BCM0118)
3) Hussain Mustafa Lal (18BCM0119)
4) Anagha EK (18BCM0123)
5) I Satya Medha (18BCM0126)
6) Jen Biju Varghese (18BCM0128)
LIQUID WASTE PRODUCED DUE TO REFINING
Refining Process Liquid waste Produced
Distillation: Effluent with ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide
Atmospheric Distillation Vacuum distillation phenols, NaCl or free H2S
Naphtha Hydrotreating Sour Condensate
Catalytic Hydrotreating H2S, oil or phenol
Catalytic or thermal cracking Phenols, H2S, ammonia and cyanides
Solvent Process Solvent like phenol, sulfide, copper, acetate etc.
Hydrocracking Catalytic alkylation Alkalis from washing and acids from drains
Treating Process Organic and inorganic pollutants and emulsified oil
Sumalika Roy 18BCM0111
REFINERY WASTEWATER EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS
Parameter mg/L Parameter mg/L
Total Dissolved Solids 2190 Calcium as CaCO3 610
Total Suspended Solids 29 Magnesium as CaCO3 116
Chemical Oxygen Demand 100 Sodium 387
Total kjeldahl Nitrogen 6.8 Barium 0.48
Ammonia-N 2.6 Iron 3.8
Phosphorous 0.97 Manganese 0.11
Carbonate Alkalinity 20 Strontium 2.4
Silica 45 Sulfate 228
Sumalika Roy 18BCM0118
MAJOR WASTEWATER STREAMS
Wastewater Description
Desalter water Water produced from washing the raw crude prior to topping
operations
Sour water Wastewater from steam stripping and fractionating operations
Spent caustic Formed in extraction of acidic compounds from product stream
Tank Bottoms Bottom sediments and water settles to the bottom of the tank used
to store the raw crude.
Ballast water Ballast water from product tankers
Stormwater Process area and non-process area runoff from storm events
Sonali Singh 18BCM0118
EFFLUENT TREATMENT
Slop oil Slop oil
Primary oil sec. oil Equalization
Influent
separator separator tank
Sludge
Sludge
Tertiary Clariflocculat Biological
Effluent
treatment or treatment
Sonali Singh 18BCM0118
PHYSICAL TREATMENT
Hussain M lal
Process Name Description
In-line filtering A process for increasing the solids content of a waste stream and
reducing water content
Filter presses A process typically applied to sludge for dewatering purposes to
reduce waste transportation costs.
Belt filter These are often used for dewatering secondary effluent treatment
presses sludges that have higher water content and low oil
concentrations.
Hydrocyclones These are useful in the separation of large volumes of oil and
water where space for treatment is limited or the oil quantity is
high.
PHYSICAL TREATMENT
Hussain M Lal
Process Name Description
Centrifuges Decanter centrifuges with a horizontal scroll are typically
used for refinery sludge with oil contents of 10% or
greater and solids content of up to 25%.
Drying beds These are used to remove the last remains of water from
sludge, or for treating a sludge that is not suited to
another form of treatment.
Sludge dryers These are batch operated drum designs to which heat is
applied and in which the sludge is turned over until it is
dry
ANAGHA EK, 1BCM0123
CHEMICAL TREATMENT
Chemical processes that are often used to pretreat wastes include the following:
1. Solidification/chemical fixation: A process for making material handling
easier by transforming it from a fluid or semi-solid state into a solid state
through the addition of material that binds the waste together or chemically
fixes itself to the waste, resulting in a more easily managed material.
2. Stabilization: the conversion of waste to a chemically stable form of material
that will resist leaching of contaminants from that material when it is placed in
a landfill. Stabilization is often achieved by the addition of material which
significantly changes the pH of the waste, followed by mixing to form pellets
or a monolith of stabilized waste.
3. Encapsulation: this process involves the addition of a material that will coat
the waste and bind to itself to completely enclose the waste within an
impermeable layer of the encapsulating material. This process is often
completed using cement to form monoliths of encapsulated waste that are
then sent to landfill.
I Satya Medha
18BCM0126
Biological treatment or Secondary Treatment:
Secondary treatment of wastewater works on a deeper level
than primary level. It is called as biological treatment because it
generally consists of a biological aeration step in which the
dissolved organic matter is converted into a settleable form and
removed as sludge.
This sludge can be settled into a secondary settling tank. It must
have been previously aerated and is referred to as activated
sludge. Part of it is recycled back to the aeration tank and the
remaining part is withdrawn from the system as excess sludge.
The excess sludge and primary settled sludge are mixed and
thickened. This mixture is sent to a sludge digester for further
stabilization followed by dewatering. The treated effluent from
the second settling tank generally removes 90% of BOD, which
is sufficient.
TERTIARY TREATMENT: Jen Biju- 18BCM0129
The different processes of the tertiary treatments are given below; The suitability of a
technology is site specific and depends on the following criteria: Ability to achieve the
required water specifications, flexibility of the operation, capital and operating cost and
plot area available
1. Activated carbon method: This process removes the contaminants by the
method of adsorption, were the feed is passed through a bed of granular
activated carbon and then the regeneration of carbon is also done in the process.
2. Sand filtration: the method is used either in single or double filtration and also
backwashing is also done with the forward flow. This is done when the
suspended solids cross a particular limit.
3. Chemical oxidation: generally used for reduction of residual COD. fresh
oxidation reagents are used; which also helps in tracing organic compounds.
Some examples are ozone and hydrogen peroxide.
SLUDGE TREATMENT: Jen Biju-18BCM0129
SOURCE CONTAMINATION TREATMENT
API separator- bottom sludge Contain oil and hydrocarbon Decanter tank and centrifuge.
DAF/IAF float and sludge Emulsion of chemical aided Send to emulation breaker
addition tank.
Waste biological sludge Suspended and dissolved Landfills and off-site disposal
solid
CONCLUSION:
This digital assignment and presentation helped us in studying about the various
processes in petroleum refining industry and also the different wastes and the methods
used to separate and dispose the wastes safely.
