TE 271: Analog Communication Systems
Lecture 3
Examiner: M. S. Ellis, PhD
[email protected] 057 904 7591
September 18th , 2016
Reference material
• A. Yadav, “Analog Communication Systems”,
University Science Press, New Delhi, 2008.
• S. Sharma, “Communication Engineering”, First Ed.,
S.K. Kataria & Sons, New Delhi, 2011.
• T. G. Thomas, “Analog Communication”, McGraw hill,
New Delhi, 2007.
AMPLITUDE Modulation
“if the amplitude of carrier is varied according to the instantaneous value
of the message signal. The modulation is called amplitude modulation”
A carrier signal is generally a sinusoidal wave with the expression:
Vc = Vc cos (ωct + Ө) ….(1)
In amplitude modulation, the focus is on modifying the amplitude of the
carrier signal as the frequency and phase remain unchanged
The carrier equation then becomes:
Vc = Vc cos ωct …..(2)
Assuming the baseband signal (modulating signal) is sinusoidal as well, then
m(t) = Vm cos ωmt ……(3)
Now amplitude modulation says the carrier is varied according to the
instantaneous value of the baseband signal; then the general expression
becomes: V = V cos ωct <---- (carrier wave freq unchanged) …….(4)
V = Vc + m(t)
= Vc + Vm cos ωmt ……(5)
Substituting eqtn (5) in eqtn (4) becomes:
V = {Vc + m(t)} cos ωct
= Vc cos ωct + m(t)cos ωct ……...(6)
= Vc cos ωct + Vm cos ωmt * cos ωct
= Vc cos ωct + maVc cos ωmt * cos ωct …..(7)
Where, ma Vc = Vm,
And ma = Vm / Vc ………… (8)
This ratio (Vm / Vc) is called Modulation index.
Maximum value of ma is 1, why ??
V = Vc cos ωct + (Vm cos ωmt * cos ωct)
= Vc cos ωct + (maVc)/2 {cos (ωc + ωm)t + cos (ωc - ωm)t}
From the identity Cos x * Cos y = ½ { cos (x + y) + cos (x – y)} …...(9)
V = Vc cos ωct + (maVc)/2 {cos (ωc + ωm)t + cos (ωc - ωm)t} …
(10)
1st 2 nd 3 rd
Equation (10) can be separated into 3 terms:
1st term represents the unmodulated carrier signal
2nd term represents the upper side band with a magnitude of
Vc/2
Can modulation Index be greater than 1 ?? If it can, What happens
when it is greater than 1 ??
Solving by Fourier transform
reveals the components of the
carrier, modulating, and
modulated AM waves
Fig. 2.3 (a) and (b) show the
spectrum of carrier and
modulating signals respectively,
according to the Fourier
transform
Fig. 2.3 (c) shows the
modulated AM wave spectrum
Practically, negative frequencies
are of no use hence Fig. 2.3 (d)
shows the useful AM wave
spectrum
It shows that the transmission
bandwidth of the AM signal is:
BAM = 2ωm
What happens when the
message signal isn’t sinusoidal ??
Methods of Generation of AM
Methods of generating AM can categorized into 2:
Linear time-variant circuits
Non –Linear circuits
LINEAR TIME VARIANT CIRCUITS:
A system that is time-invariant cannot
be used to generate AM. Why ??
An example of a time-variant linear
system is a Switching circuit (or
Chopper circuit or Ring modulator)
shown on the upper right
NON-LINEAR CIRCUITS: Chopper (Switching or ring) Circuit
A non linear device can also produce
AM
For a non-linear device (e.g. shown
on the lower right), current does not
only depend upon the first power of
voltage but also on the higher order of
voltage Linear and non-linear current/voltage relation
Methods of Generation of AM…….
Here the diode is used as an non-linear device. Other non linear devices like transistors can
also be used
Two halves of the circuit have been arranged such that I1 and I2 are opposing each other. So
the net current at output is I1 - I2. The R-C circuit forms the band pass filter tuned at ωc
This type of arrangement is called balanced circuit hence the name Balanced Modulator
COMPARE THE NON-LINEAR DEVICE METHOD AND THE CHOPPER METHOD
Demodulation of AM
• In demodulation, we require a frequency translation such
that the message signal translated at carrier frequency ωc
comes back at frequency ωm
• In demodulation, the required frequency is ωm so all other
higher frequencies must be filtered out
• This can be achieved by using a low pass filter having a cut-
off frequency of ωc
• Demodulation is essentially a reverse process of
modulation
Demodulation of AM using Linear-Time Variant System
(Rectifier Type) Detector
• Just as in modulation, demodulation can be done using a
linear time-variant detector
• AM signal is applied at the input and a low pass filter at the
outer stage with ωc cut-off frequency
• A similar operation can be easily performed using a ring
modulator
Demodulation of AM using Linear-Time Varying System
(Envelope Detector)
• Simplest way of demodulating AM
• Here, the negative half of the AM wave is absent in the output
of the diode
• Capacitor ‘C’ and resistance ‘R’ perform the filtering
• Voltage across capacitor tries to follow the envelope of signal.
Hence the envelope of AM signal is nothing but the message
signal (hence the name envelope detector).
Setbacks with envelope
detection ??
•Negative peak clipping
•Diagonal clipping (at high freq,
diode becomes reactive, rate of
slope too fast for ‘C’ and ‘R’)
Demodulation of AM using Non-Linear devices)
• Again, the same circuit for modulation is used
for demodulation; now with the input being
the AM signal and output being a low pass
filter.
