1

PHYSICS I
0108103
Spring 2022-2023
 2

COURSE LEARNING
OUTCOMES
1 Analyze vectors in two dimensions.
2 Solve problems using the equations of
kinematics for motion with constant
acceleration.
3 Apply Newton's laws of motion to solve
problems related to forces, velocity and
acceleration.
4 Analyze objects under circular motion.
5 Apply the concept of conservation of energy
of a system.
 3

COURSE CONTENT
1 Units, scalar and vector quantities using trigonometric functions for vector analysis

2 Representing different physics quantities graphically and using slopes to find their values

3 Describing motion in one dimension with examples on displacement, velocity, speed and acceleration

4 Describing motion in two dimensions with emphasis on finding velocity and acceleration

5 Introduction to Newton's laws of motion with related physics terms (inertia, mass, weight, force)

6 Applying free body diagram analysis using trigonometric functions to solve problems on Newton's law

7 Describing uniform and non-uniform circular motion

8 Applying Newton's laws to find the forces of friction

9 MIDTERM EXAM

10 Introduction to the concepts of energy, force and work

11 Using dot product and integration techniques to find the work done by constant and varying forces

12 Work-kinetic energy theorem and using integration techniques to find work

13 Introduction to potential energy, conservative forces and system equilibrium

14 FINAL EXAM
 COURSE
4

ASSESSMENTS
Assessment Percentage
Quiz 1 5%
Quiz 2 5%
Quiz 3 5%
Quiz 4 5%
Assignment 1 5%
Assignment 2 5%
Assignment 3 5%
Assignment 4 5%
Midterm Exam 20%
Final Exam 40%

Students who miss a quiz or an assignment and do not submit a

valid excuse with an evidence within 48 hours of the assessment,
will take a ZERO
 5

No mobile phones are allowed to be used

during the lecture

No make-up exams. If you miss an exam, your

grade will be a zero (even if you have an
excuse)

No late attendance to the class. Attendance

CLASS will be taken in the first 10 minutes of the
class

POLICIE You need to participate in the class.

S
Participation is important.

Students who leave the class (regardless of

what the reason is) will not be allowed to re-
enter the class and will be considered as
absent

Cheating or plagiarism could lead to a total

dismissal of the whole semester.
 6

In Unit [1], we
will start with
Scalars and
Vectors..
LET’S
START! Please bring
your notebook
and pen!
 7

SI Units
OUTLINE
OF
CHAPTER
[1] Examples of
Physical
quantities using
SI units
 8

SI UNITS
• Each measurement made to describe a natural phenomenon is
associated with a physical quantity.

• SI system refers to System International (SI) Units

• SI unit is an international system of measurements that are used universally in

technical and scientific research to avoid confusion with the units. Having a
standard unit system is important because it helps the entire world to understand
the measurements in one set of unit systems. Following is the table with base SI
units:
 9

SI UNITS
• Check your understanding: The length of a rod is 11 cm. Is it on
SI Unit?

• Answer: No, because cm is NOT an SI unit. To make it on SI unit, we need

to convert cm to m. In other words, we need to say that the length of the
rod is 0.11 m
 10

OUTLINE OF CHAPTER [3]

Scalars and vectors
The unit vectors
Negative of a vector
Coordinate systems and conversion between them
Adding vectors
Subtracting vectors
Multiplications of a vector
 11

SCALERS AND
VECTORS
•Scalars are quantities that are directionless and entirely described by
a magnitude (or numerical value) alone with an appropriate unit (for
example, today’s temperature is 25ᴼC).
• Temperature, Volume and Time are scalar quantities.

•Vectors are quantities that have directions and fully described by both
a magnitude and a direction. (For example, I ran 30 meters to the North
direction).
• Wind velocity and displacement are vector quantities

•Check your Understanding: Are the following physical

quantities
5 m scalars or vectors? Scalar
30 m/sec, East Vector
5 mi., North Vector
20 degrees Celsius Scalar
256 bytes Scalar
4000 Calories Scalar
 12

SCALERS AND
VECTORS

• Note: Speed is a scalar quantity BUT displacement is a vector quantity

• You need to be able to recognize between all the listed scalar and
vector quantities in this slide (they can appear in the exam as MCQs)
 13

DISTANCE AND
DISPLACEMENT

Check your
Understanding:

What is the displacement

of the cross-country team
if they begin at the school,
run 10 miles and finish
back at the same point?

Answer: 0 displacement
 14

VECTOR NOTATION
r
■ When handwritten, use an A
■ arrow: printed, will be in bold print: A
When
■ The magnitude of a vector is indicated
as: A
or |A|
■ The magnitude of a vector is always a
positive number
■ The magnitude of the vector has physical
units: m/s, m/s2, etc
 15

Same magnitude and same direction = equal

vectors
16
 NEGATIVE OF A VECTOR

■ The negative of a vector is defined

as the vector that, when added to
the original vector, gives a resultant
of zero
■ Represented as –A
■ A + (–A) = 0
■ The negative of the vector will have the
same magnitude, but point in the
opposite direction
 Used to describe the
position of a point in space

COORDINAT
E SYSTEMS Coordinate system consists of instructions on how to
a fixed reference point specific axes with
label a point relative to
called the origin scales and labels
the origin and the axes

Coordinate systems are two

types:
Cartesian (or
Polar (r, q) rectangular) (x,y)
 1. POLAR COORDINATE
SYSTEM
■ Origin and reference
line are noted
■ Point is at distance r
from the origin in the
direction of angle , ccw
from reference line
(positive x axis)
■ Points are labeled as (r,
)
2. CARTESIAN COORDINATE
SYSTEM
■ Also called rectangular
coordinate system
■ x- and y- axes intersect at
the origin

■ Points are labeled (x, y)

•Check your Understanding:

What are the coordinates (x,y)
on the figure?

Answer: (3, 8.25)

 COORDINATE
TRANSFORMATIONS
■ Polar to Cartesian
coordinates:
x  r cos
y  r sin
■ Cartesian to polar
coordinates:

Note: This is a very important concept. You need to be comfortable in converting

between these two systems. Practice, practice and Practice!
 22

CHECK YOUR
UNDERSTANDING
What is (12,5) in Polar What is (12, 195°) in Cartesian
Coordinates? coordinates?

PLEASE PLEASE
REMEMBER REMEMBER
THAT YOU THAT YOU
MUST DRAW MUST DRAW

Answer: Answer:
the point (12,5) is (13, 22.6°) in Polar the point is at (−11.59, −3.11), which is in
Coordinates which is in Quadrant I Quadrant III
 CHECK YOUR
UNDERSTANDING
SPECIAL CASE

The Cartesian coordinates of a point in the xy

plane are (x, y) = (-3.50, -2.50) m, as shown
in the figure. Find the polar coordinates of
this point.

PLEASE
REMEMBER
THAT YOU
MUST DRAW
Note: For most calculators, tan-1 0.714 = 36°
But we know that the vector is on the 3rd quarter, so we need to add 180°:
 = 180° + 36° = 216°
 MULTIPLYING A VECTOR BY A
SCALAR
■ The result of the multiplication or division of a vector by a scalar is a
vector

■ The magnitude of the vector is multiplied or divided by the scalar

■ The direction of the resultant vector depends on the sign of the

scalar
■ If scalar > 0, the direction is the same as of the original vector

■ Check
If scalar < 0, the direction is opposite your
to that Understanding:
of the original vector
 ADDING VECTORS
■ When adding vectors, their directions must be
taken into account
■ All the vectors must be of the same type of
quantity with the same units (for example, all
vectors that you want to add should present
displacement. We cannot add a displacement
vector with a velocity vector)
 ADDING VECTORS
GRAPHICALLY
Choose a scale
Draw the vectors “tip- to-tail”
The resultant is drawn from the origin of the first
to the end of the last vector
This is a not recommended method if you are
targeting:
• High accuracy, or;
• 3-dimensional problems

■ When you have many vectors, just

keep repeating the process until all
are included
■ The resultant is still drawn from the
origin of the first vector to the end of the
ADDING VECTORS, RULES

■ The sum is independent of the order of the

addition
■ Commutative law: A+B=B+A
■ The sum is independent of the way in
which the individual vectors are grouped
■ Associative law: A + (B + C) = (A + B) +
C

■ Note: Adding vectors is easier using the

cartesian coordinate system.
ADDING VECTORS IN UNIT
VECTORS
■ Writing R = A + B
in unit vectors:

Rx ˆi  Ry ˆj
= ( A ˆi  A ˆj)  (B
ˆi  B ˆj)
x y
x
y
■
= ( A  Ax B B
So )ˆxi,Ry  Ay 
(A
R By  B
■ From x Rx and
) ˆj
x x
Ry , y
y
 SUBTRACTING VECTORS

■ Special case
of vector
addition
■ A–B=A+
(–B)
■ Continue with
standard vector
•Check your Understanding: Is A – B= B – A?
addition
procedure
Answer: No, but (A+B) is equal to (B+A). So, this rule applies only to
the addition of vectors.
 30

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

If u=〈6,15〉 and v=〈−5,20〉 find in both the cartesian and polar coordinates:
2u + v

Step [2]: Converting the Cartesian coordinate into polar coordinates

R2 = (30)2 + (40)2 PLEASE

R = SQRT (7)2 + (50)2 REMEMBER
R = 50.5 THAT YOU
MUST DRAW
Theta = tan-1 (50/7) = 82 deg
 CHECK YOUR
UNDERSTANDING
A hiker begins a trip by first walking 25.0 km SE from
her car. She stops and sets up her tent for the night.
On the second day, she walks 40.0 km in a
direction 60.0° N of E, at which point she discovers a
forest ranger’s tower.
Determine the components of the hiker’s
displacement for each day.
• Determine the components of the hiker’s resultant
displacement R for the trip. Find an expression for R in
terms of unit vectors.

PLEASE
REMEMBER
THAT YOU
MUST DRAW
■ Analyze:
(a) Draw the vectors
(b) A has a magnitude of 25.0 km and is
45.0° SE

B has a magnitude of 40.0 km and is 60.0°

N of E

(c) R = A + B has components :

Rx  Ax  Bx  37.7 km, Ry  Ay  By
 16.9 km

R  ( 37.7ˆi 16.9ˆj) km in unit - vector

form
(d) Finalize:
■ The units of R are km
•  Reasonable for a
displacement.
■ From the graphical representation, we
estimate the final position to be at
about (38 km, 17 km)
•  Consistent with the
components of R in our result
■ Both components of R are positive,
putting the final position in the first
quadrant of the coordinate system
•  Consistent with the figure
 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
The helicopter view in the figure shows two
people pulling on a stubborn mule. Find:
(a) the single force that is equivalent to the two
forces shown
(b) the force that a third person would have to
exert on the mule to make the resultant force
equal to zero.
(a) F  F1  F2
F  120cos60.0iˆ  120sin60.0ˆj  80.0cos75.0iˆ  80.0sin
75.0ˆj F  60.0iˆ  104ˆj  20.7iˆ  77.3ˆj  39.3iˆ  181ˆjN
F 39.32  1812  185 N
 181
  tan    77.8
 39.3

(b
 35

CHECK YOUR
UNDERSTANDING
Special case

Practice [1] Answer: This is a special

case

R2 = (5)2 + (10)2
R2 = 125
R = SQRT (125)
R = 11.2 km

tan(Theta) = (10/5) = 0.5

Theta = tan-1 (2)
Theta = 63.43 degrees
Direction of R = 90 deg + 63.43
deg
Direction of R = 153.43 deg
 36

CHECK YOUR
UNDERSTANDING
Special case

Practice [1] Answer

R2 = (30)2 + (40)2
R2 = 2500
R = SQRT (2500)
R = 50 km

tan(Theta) = (40/30) = 1.333

Theta = tan-1 (1.333)
Theta = 53.1 degrees
Direction of R = 180 deg + 53.1 deg
Direction of R = 233.1 deg
 37

SUMMARY
• Any two vectors can be added as long as they present the
same physical quantity.
• After transforming a vector from cartesian to polar
coordinates, ensure that 2 vectors are consistent
(otherwise, you might need to add either 90 or 180 or 270
degrees).
• Always, draw the problem (vectors) that you are solving.
• In order to score A+ in this course; practice, practice and
practice!