PERSPECTIVES OF NURSING
EDUCATION-NATIONAL AND
GLOBAL
INTRODUCTION
There are various
perspectives of nursing
profession both at national as
well as global level. This
profession shows a
tremendous growth in
consideration with practical or
professional aspects in past
few decades.
CONTD:
Understanding perspectives of nursing
education promotes an awareness of
diversity that exists within nursing education
nationally and globally.
CONTD:
AT NATIONAL LEVEL:
Stipends to the nursing students.
Nurses, midwives and Dais.
Training of Nurses and Midwives.
Male Nurses.
Dais.
Nursing Staff.
CONTD:
Stipends to the nursing
students:
Earlier The Bhore Committee recommended
Rs. 60 as stipends for nursing students to
prevent barriers in entering the nursing
profession.
The graduate students are getting stipend
while doing internship in most of the
colleges. In some government colleges
students are getting stipend during whole
course duration .
CONTD:
The nursing students doing post graduation
i.e. M.Sc. Nursing get stipend in various
colleges.
The nursing students get stipend which are
doing Ph.D.in nursing sciences.
But this provision is only in government
institutes broadly, some of the colleges from
private sector also provide stipend to the
students most of them which are established
as autonomous bodies.
CONTD:
Nurses, midwives and Dais:
Nurse, midwives and Dais are the
pillars of our health care systems.
They operate at all levels of health
care delivery system and health care
plans i.e. primary, secondary and
tertiary level.
They provide effective health care in
rural areas.
CONTD:
Training of Nurses and
Midwives:
Previously The Bhore Committee started 100
training centers for 50 pupils in nursing.
Presently major emphasis is laid on the
training of nurses and midwives .
The education and clinical practice is
provided at various levels like diploma,
graduation and higher education
CONTD:
Male Nurse:
Male Nurses are also getting training in many
specialized areas in nursing.
Male Nurses can be trained and employed in
large numbers in male wards and male
outpatient departments in hospitals.
CONTD;
Public Health Nurses:
These are qualified nurses with
training in midwifery as well.
The public health nurses covers the
diverse area of public health services
i.e. disease outbreaks, public health
emergencies,bio-medical waste
management, sanitation etc.
CONTD:
Dais:
The Dais or Traditional Birth Attendants plays
major role in providing health services at
grass root level.
They provide care to the pregnant women
and conduct deliveries in rural areas.
They provide education and referral services
for safe motherhood and child survival.
CONTD:
Nursing Staff:
In the previous time nursing staff was known
as auxiliary personnel.
Now with the help of evidence based care
nursing profession has built many unique
milestones in providing care to the patients.
This is all because of professionally skilled,
clinical competent and research oriented
nursing staff.
CONTD:
Establishment of Nursing Council (1947):
At that time Indian Nursing Council started
two nursing courses on training basis:
1. General Nursing and Midwifery.
2. Auxiliary nurse Midwife.
CONTD:
General Nursing Midwife (G.N.M.):
Indian Nursing Council decided two standards
of training for G.N.M. Course:
The full course of general nursing to be for
three years followed by a minimum of nine
months of midwifery.
The minimum entrance requirement of
general nursing course to be matriculation.
CONTD:
Auxiliary Nurse Midwife:
The standards decided for auxiliary nurse midwife
course were:
The duration for auxiliary nurse midwife would be
two years.
The minimum entrance requirement for auxiliary
nurse midwife to be 7th or 8th standard of
education.
Later the Auxiliary nurse midwife course to
replace various courses like junior grade nursing
certificate and courses other than for nurses.
CONTD:
Development of Nursing
Education in India:
The Nursing Council changed the future
patterns of Nursing Training in India in 1950
as below:
A full course of 3years in nursing and
minimum of 6 months of midwifery i.e.
General Nursing Midwifery
programme.
CONTD:
A Course of Auxiliary Nurse Midwife of 2
years which would replace various courses
for junior grade certificate
The Auxiliary Nurse Midwife programme was
started at St. Mary’s Hospital Taran taaran,
Punjab in 1951.
The entrance qualification for A.N.M.
programme was raised from 8th to
matriculation.
CONTD:
University level Programmes:
The Trained Nurse Association (TNAI) felt
need for providing basic training in nursing at
University level in 1940 onwards.
CONTD:
Basic B.Sc. Nursing:
To fulfil the need of more qualified
nurses, basic B.Sc. Nursing
programme was started in Rajkumari
Amrit Kaur College of Nursing, New
Delhi in 1946 which was before known
as School of Hospital Administration.
B.Sc. nursing programme was also
started in C.M.C. Vellore in 1946.
CONTD:
Post Basic/ Post Certificate
B.Sc.Nursing:
Training of certificate nurses was stressed by
Mudaliar Committee in 1962.
Post-Certificate B.Sc. Nursing came into
existence in Dec. 1962 for those nurses who
had completed their G.N.M. course, for the
purpose of further education.
The duration of the course was two years
and was first started at School of
Nursing, University of
Thiruvananthpuram.
CONTD:
Post –Graduation Education:
For providing still higher education to
the nursing students M.Sc. Nursing
programme with duration of two years
was started at R.A.K. College of
Nursing, New Delhi in 1959.
C.M.C Vellore also started master
degree in nursing in 1969.
CONTD:
M.Sc. nursing in Psychiatry was started in
September 1983 at NIMHANS, Bangalore.
M.Phil Programme:
M.Phil. in nursing came in existence on
October 15, 1986 at RAK College of
nursing with duration of one year for
regular and two years for part time
candidates.
CONTD:
Ph.D Programme:
A huge milestone appears in the academic
field of nursing with the commencement of
doctoral (Ph.D.) in nursing. It got started from
1990 at PGI Chandigarh, CMC Vellore and
RAK New Delhi.
Later NIMHANS Bangalore also started Ph.D.
programme but only for their own faculty.
CONTD:
AT GLOBAL LEVEL:
An Associate Degree program with duration
of two years was started in many universities
and colleges of western countries, which
mainly focuses on basic sciences, theoretical
and clinical courses.
Many hospital based diploma education
program were also started in United States
with the duration of two to three years.
These Diploma programmes focus on the
basic sciences and on theoretical and
clinical courses related to nursing practice.
CONTD:
A two year community based diploma education
program was started in Canada.
Baccalaureate degree education program with
duration of four years came into existence which
mainly focuses on basic sciences, theoretical and
clinical courses as well as on social sciences, arts
and humanities.
CONTD
To achieve the global standards a nursing
program must meet the criteria establish by
National League for Nursing Accrediting.
Registered Nurse candidates must pass
National Council Licensure Examination
(NCLEX) to be a registered nurse in U.S. or
some other western countries.
CONTD:
Many types of certifications in nursing are
being provided to national nursing
organizations. Example American Nurses
Association provides many types of
certificates.
After completion of graduation in nursing one
can receive master in nursing or master of
science in nursing and can contribute as
nurse educator, clinical nurse specialist,
nurse administrator or nurse practitioner.
CONTD:
Doctoral degree started in 1953 at University
of Pittsburgh which laid more emphasis on
basic research and theory.
Continuing and in-service education is being
provided to the nurses presently in most of
the parts of world which involves formal,
organized and educational program
CONTD:
These programs help nurses to become
specialized in a particular area of their choice or
according to the need of the situation.
A licensed or vocational nurse is trained in basic
nursing techniques and direct client care. They
practice under the supervision of registered
nurse. They work as practical nurse educator in
community based settings or rural areas.
CONTD:
Bibliography:
Neeraja KP- Textbook of Nursing
Education(1stedition).
Shebeer P.Basheer-Textbook of
Advanced Nursing Practice(1st edition)
Park k- Community Health Nursing (2nd
edition)
Global perspectives of nursing
profession-(www.pubmed.com).
Global Perspectives of nursing
profession-(www.scribd.com).
CONTD:
THANK
YOU
