SQL QUERIES-4
CLAUSES
[Link] CLAUSE
• The WHERE clause is used to extract only those
records that fulfill a specified criterion.
• SELECT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator
value;
• Select * from student where id=3;
• Select namr from student where id=3;
• WHERE clause uses some conditional selection.
• insert into student where = equal
> greater than
(cgpa=5 and cgpa<=8); < less than
and so on. >= greater than or
equal
<= less than or
equal
!= not equal to
SQL AND
• The SQL AND condition is used in SQL query to create
two or more conditions to be met.
• It is used in SQL SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE
[Link]'s see the syntax for SQL AND:
SELECT columns FROM tables WHERE condition 1 AND condition 2;
• The SQL AND condition requires that both conditions
should be met.
• The SQL AND condition also can be used to join
multiple tables in a SQL statement.
• Rest of AND CLAUSE will be discussed later on
[Link] OR
• The SQL OR condition is used in a SQL query to
create a SQL statement where records are returned
when any one of the condition met. It can be used
in a SELECT statement, INSERT statement, UPDATE
statement or DELETE [Link]
• SELECT columns FROM tables WHERE condition 1
OR condition 2;
• SELECT * FROM suppliers WHERE city = 'New York
' OR available_products >= 250;
• SELECT * FROM suppliers WHERE city = 'New York' OR availa
ble_products >= 250;
• INSERT INTO suppliers(supplier_id, supplier_name) SELE
CT account_no, name FROM customers WHERE city = 'Ne
w Delhi' OR city = 'Ghaziabad';
• UPDATE suppliers SET supplier_name = 'HP' WHERE sup
plier_name = 'IBM' OR available_product >36;
• DELETE FROM suppliers WHERE supplier_name = 'IBM'
OR employee <=100;
[Link] Clause
• Like clause is used as condition in SQL
query. Like clause compares data with an
expression using wildcard operators. It is used to
find similar data from the table.
• SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE pattern;
[Link] CHARACTERS
• A wildcard character can be used to substitute for any other
character(s) in a string and are used with the SQL LIKE
operator.
• SQL wildcards are used to search for data within a table.
• With SQL, the wildcards are:
Wildcard Description
% A substitute for zero or more characters
_ A substitute for a single character
[charlist] Sets and ranges of characters to match
[^charlist] Matches only a character NOT specified within
or the brackets
[!charlist]
DEMO DATABASE
CustomerID CustomerN ContactNa Address City PostalCode Country
ame me
1 Alfreds Maria Obere Str. Berlin 12209 Germany
Futterkiste Anders 57
2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la México D.F. 05021 Mexico
Emparedad Constitució
os y n 2222
helados
3 Antonio Antonio Mataderos México D.F. 05023 Mexico
Moreno Moreno 2312
Taquería
4 Around the Thomas 120 London WA1 1DP UK
Horn Hardy Hanover Sq.
5 Berglunds Christina Berguvsväg Luleå S-958 22 Sweden
snabbköp Berglund en 8
• Using the SQL % Wildcard
• The following SQL statement selects all customers
with a City starting with "ber":Example
• SELECT * FROM Customer WHERE City LIKE 'ber%';
• The following SQL statement selects all customers
with a City containing the pattern "es":Example
• SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City LIKE '%es%';
Using the SQL _ Wildcard
• The following SQL statement selects all customers
with a City starting with any character, followed by
"erlin":Example
• SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City LIKE '_erlin';
• The following SQL statement selects all customers
with a City starting with "L", followed by any
character, followed by "n", followed by any
character, followed by "on":Example
• SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City LIKE 'L_n_on';
Using the SQL [charlist] Wildcard
• The following SQL statement selects all customers with a City
starting with "b", "s", or "p":Example
• SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City LIKE '[bsp]%';
• The following SQL statement selects all customers with a City
starting with "a", "b", or "c":Example
• SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City LIKE '[a-c]%';
• The following SQL statement selects all customers with a City
NOT starting with "b", "s", or "p":Example
• SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City LIKE '[!bsp]%';
• Or
• SELECT * FROM CustomersWHERE City NOT LIKE '[bsp]%';
[Link] Operator
• The BETWEEN operator selects values within a
range. The values can be numbers, text, or dates.
• SQL BETWEEN Syntax
• SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
eg:Select * from student where id between 1101 and 1103;
• To display the products outside the range of the previous
example, use NOT BETWEEN: Example
• SELECT * FROM student WHERE id NOT BETWEEN 1101 AND
1103;
• BETWEEN Operator with IN Example
• The following SQL statement selects all products with a price
BETWEEN 10 and 20, but products with a CategoryID of 1,2,
or 3 should not be displayed:
SELECT * FROM Products WHERE (Price BETWEEN 10
AND 20)AND NOT CategoryID IN (1,2,3);
• BETWEEN Operator with Text Value Example
• The following SQL statement selects all products with a ProductName
beginning with any of the letter BETWEEN 'C' and 'M':
SELECT * FROM Products WHERE ProductName
BETWEEN 'C' AND 'M';
• In some databases, BETWEEN selects fields that are
between and excluding the test values.
• In other databases, BETWEEN selects fields that are
between and including the test values.
• in other databases, BETWEEN selects fields
between the test values, including the first test
value and excluding the last test value(12c and
11g).
#SQL ORDER BY Clause
• The SQL ORDER BY clause is used for sorting data in
ascending and descending order based on one or
more columns.
• Some databases sort query results in ascending
order by default.
• To sort data in descending order DESC keyword is
used withOrder by clause.
• SELECT expressions FROM tables WHERE conditio
ns ORDER BY expression [ASC | DESC];
• select * from student order by name desc;
• This statement is used to sort data in ascending
order. If you miss the ASC attribute, SQL ORDER BY
query takes ascending order by default.
• SELECT supplier_city FROM suppliers WHERE sup
plier_name = 'IBM' ORDER BY supplier_city;
• This statement is used to sort data in descending
order. You should use the DESC attribute in your
ORDER BY clause as follows.
• SELECT supplier_city FROM suppliers WHERE sup
plier_name = 'IBM' ORDER BY supplier_city DESC;
•
• If you want the resulting record to be ordered
randomly, you should use the following codes
• SELECT * FROM table ORDER BY
DBMS_RANDOM.RANDOM
• Eg:
• Select * from (Select * from student order by
dbms_random.random);
• ORDER BY ASC places NULL values at the end of the query results. ORDER
BY DESC places null values at the start of the query results.
• The default placement of NULLs with ORDER BY can be changed with the
addition of NULLS FIRST/NULLS LAST to the ORDER BY clause.
• Instead of column names in the SELECT list, column positions oraliases can be
specified to order rows. The position value must be an integer.
• Instead of column names in the SELECT list,
column positions oraliases can be specified to order rows. The
position value must be an integer.
• Eg: select * from student order by 3;
• (it will order according to the third column)
• SORTING ON MULTIPLE COLUMNS
• Let's take an example of customer table which has many
columns, the following SQL statement selects all customers
from the table named "customer", stored by the "country" and
"Customer-Name" columns:
• SELECT * FROM customers ORDER BY country, Custome
r-Name;
• GROUP BY
What Are Group Functions?
• Group functions operate on sets of rows to give one
result per group.
EMPLOYEES
Maximum salary in
EMPLOYEES table
…
Types of Group Functions
– AVG
– COUNT
– MAX
– MIN
– STDDEV
– SUM
– VARIANCE Group
functions
• SQL GROUP BY Syntax
• SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator
value GROUP BY column_name;
SQL AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
• SQL aggregate functions return a single value, calculated
from values in a [Link] aggregate functions:
• AVG() - Returns the average value
• COUNT() - Returns the number of rows
• MAX() - Returns the largest value
• MIN() - Returns the smallest value
• SUM() - Returns the sum
Demo Database
• Consider following Emp table
eid name age salary
401 Anu 22 9000
402 Shane 29 8000
403 Rohan 34 6000
404 Scott 44 10000
405 Tiger 35 8000
• 1) AVG()
• Average returns average value after calculating
from values in a numeric column.
• Its general Syntax is,
• SELECT AVG(column_name) from table_name;
• SQL query to find average of salary will be,
• SELECT avg(salary) from Emp; Result of the above
query will be,
• avg(salary)8200
• 2) COUNT()
• Count returns the number of rows present in the
table either based on some condition or without
[Link] general Syntax is,
• SELECT COUNT(column_name) from table-name;
• SELECT COUNT(name) from Emp where salary = 8000;
Result of the above query will be, count(name)2
• SELECT COUNT(distinct salary) from emp; Result of
the above query will be,
• count(distinct salary)4
• 3) MAX()
• MAX function returns maximum value from
selected column of the table.
• Syntax of MAX function is,
• SELECT MAX(column_name) from table-name;
• SQL query to find Maximum salary is,
• SELECT MAX(salary) from emp;
[Link]()
• MIN function returns minimum value from a
selected column of the table.
• Syntax for MIN function is,
• SELECT MIN(column_name) from table-name;
• QL query to find minimum salary is,
• SELECT MIN(salary) from emp; Result will be,
• MIN(salary)6000
[Link]()
• SUM function returns total sum of a selected
columns numeric values.
• Syntax for SUM is,
• SELECT SUM(column_name) from table-name;
• SQL query to find sum of salaries will be,
• SELECT SUM(salary) from emp;
l
6. UPPER()
• UCASE function is used to convert value of string
column to Uppercase character.
• Syntax of UCASE,
• SELECT UPPER(column_name) from table-name;
• SQL query for using UPPER is,
• SELECT UPPER(name) from emp;
[Link]()
• LCASE function is used to convert value of string
column to Lowecase character.
• Syntax for LCASE is,
• SELECT LCASE(column_name) from table-name;
• SQL query for converting string value to Lower case
is,
• SELECT LCASE(name) from emp;
8. SUBSTR()
• MID function is used to extract substrings from
column values of string type in a table.
• Syntax for MID function is,
• SELECT substr(column_name, start, length) from
table-name;
• SQL query will be,
• select substr(name,2,2) from emp;
[Link]()
• ROUND function is used to round a numeric field to
number of nearest integer. It is used on Decimal
point values. Syntax of Round function is,
• SELECT ROUND(column_name, decimals) from
table-name;
• SQL query is,
• SELECT ROUND(salary) from emp;
Group By Clause
• Group by clause is used to group the results of a SELECT
query based on one or more columns. It is also used with SQL
functions to group the result from one or more tables.
• Syntax for using Group by in a statement.
• SELECT column_name, function(column_name) FROM
table_name WHERE condition GROUP BY column_name;
• Here we want to find name and age of employees grouped by
their salaries
• SQL query for the above requirement will be,
• SELECT name, age ,max(salary)from Emp group by
name ,age;
HAVING CLAUSE
SUBSTITUTION VARIABLES
• [Link] to temporarily store values with & and &&.
• [Link] with where ,order by ,select statements.
• we can use predefined variables by using define
command. define creates and assigns a value to a
variable.
• when sql developer detects that sql statement contains
an ampersand,you are prompted to enter a value for
the substitution variable that is named in sql
statement.
• after you enter a value and click ok,results are
displayed.
• after you enter a value and click ok,results are
displayed.e.g.
• 1. select * from emp where eid=&employeenum;
• enter here 401 or 402 or 403 as employeenum
• [Link] salary+12 from emp where eid='&enumb';
• [Link] eid , lastname, jobid, & columnname from
emp where &condition order by & ordercolumn
• in 3rd point,columnname can be salary,condition can
be salary>1500, ordercolumn can be lastn:
• Eg:select eid,name, &age from emp where
salary>5000 order by &name;
• ********Using && substitution variable*******
• use && if u want to reuse the variable value
without prompting use each time.
• select eid,lastname,jobid,&&columnname from
emp0 order by &columnname;
• enter salary as columnname
• no need to enter it again,every time you run the
above command same column name will be picked.
DEFINE AND VERIFY
• 1. Define-This command is used to create and assign a value to
a variable.
• 2. Undefine-To remove a variable.
• define employeenum=401;
• select * from emp where eid=&employeenum;
• insert into emp values(&eid,&name,&age,&salary);
• undefine employeenum;
• here defined variable value is automatically substituted in
select statement.
• employeenum variable is present in session until the user
undefines it or exits the sql developer session.
• Verify-to confirm the changes in sql statement
• It is used to toggle the display of substitution
variable
• set verify on
• select eid,lastname,salary,jobid from emp0 where
eid=&employeenum;
• Already present in 12c
