UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Animal Genetics and

Breeding
AnSci 01 – Introduction to Animal
Science
 Genes and their Role in Animal
Productivity
• Why are animals and other
organisms able to reproduce their
own kind from generation to
generation?
• Why are close relatives more alike
than less related ones?
• Why are individuals different from
each other no matter how closely
related they may be?

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Similarities and
differences
• Intervention of the supernatural beings, maternal impressions and
other environmental factors
• Blending of the blood of the two parents - “blood composition”,
“blood line”.
• 1865, Gregor Mendel, an Austrian abbot - experimented on garden
plants, formulated and published his hypothesis about the mechanics
of inheritance of characteristics in plants.
• 1901, de Vries, Correns and von Tschermak independently
rediscovered the works of Mendel

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• 1906, W. Bateson, an English
biologist showed that the
Mendelian laws also applied to
animals (chickens).
• 1909, Johannsen, a Danish
biologist, coined the term “gene”
to refer to the particulate factor
that Mendel hypothesized as the
basic unit of inheritance.

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 Genes and their functions

• 1956, James Watson and Francis

Crick, young scientists of
Cambridge University of England,
hypothesized the chemical
nature and function of the gene.

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• Gene as a segment of the
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
which determines the base
sequence of nucleotide in the
messenger ribonucleic acid
(mRNA) that makes up the code
for a certain biological function.

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• The DNA is a biochemical
compound consisting of a chain
of nucleotides (polynucleotide).
Each nucleotide consists of
phosphate (P), a sugar (S), and a
base (B).

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• The coding system of the
gene is based on the
arrangement of the four
bases: guanine (G), adenine
(A), thymine (T) and cytosine
(C)
• Amino acids which are building
blocks of proteins, are known
to be coded by specific
combinations of 3 bases.
There are, so far, only 20
amino acids.
• Protein synthesis*

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Protein Synthesis - the
biological process
whereby amino acids are
assembled by peptide
bonding into specific
polypeptide sequences in
accord with genetic
blueprints encoded by
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA).

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Transcription is the transfer of genetic instructions
in DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. It includes three
steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.

After the mRNA is processed, it carries the

instructions to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.

Translation occurs at the ribosome, which consists of

rRNA and proteins. In translation, the instructions in
mRNA are read, and tRNA brings the correct sequence
of amino acids to the ribosome. Then, rRNA helps
bonds form between the amino acids, producing a
polypeptide chain.
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 Functions of the gene

1. store and transmit genetic information from cell to cell and from
parent to offspring;
2. copy or replicate itself with great consistency and precision, and
3. undergo mutation or error in copying which would subsequently
copied and replicated.

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 Genetic information transmission

1. somatic cell division (mitosis) - cell

to cell

2. reduction division of germinal cells

(meiosis) - parent to offspring

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The role of genotype and environment on
the phenotypic expression

P = G + E + (G x E)

G = genotype
E = environment
P = phenotype (Performance)
G x E = interaction between the genotype of the individual and the
environment under which it is raised

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 Trait Possible Phenotypes
Presence of horns Horned, polled, dehorned
Height of withers 16 hands
Yearling weight 850 kg, 1,225 kg
Placing First, third, last
Shell color White, brown
Quarter-mile time 19.3 sec, 20.8 sec
Calving ease Assisted, unassisted
Litter size 5, 11, 14

Performance = phenotype for traits that are measured rather than

observed with the eye.
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 Gene action

• Genes may be active only when they occur in pairs of alleles during
the diploid phase
• Alleles are the genes that may occupy the same locus or position in
the paired chromosomes.
• Action of genes may be detected only from the phenotype.
a. additive
b. dominance
c. epistasis

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 a. Additive
• When a pair of allelic genes contribute independently to the
genotypic value.

b. Dominance (complete and

incomplete)
• Dominant gene - when a gene suppresses the expression
of its allele.

c. Epistasis
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• Another form of nonadditive gene action which is involved in some
 Types of Gene Actions

The action of genes may be

detected only from the phenotype.
1. Additive gene action - the
phenotypic effect of one gene
adds to the phenotype of its own
allele or other genes in the
genotype, which affect the
expression of the trait.
aa - medium
Aa - dark
AA - black

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 2. Non-additive Gene Action

1.Dominance - members of an allelic pair may interact to give

a certain phenotype.
• the ability of a gene to block out, cover, mask, or conceal the
expression of its allele when paired together in body cells.
• the expression of a recessive gene is covered up by its own dominant
allele, usually represented by small letters of the alphabet (aa, bb, rr)
2. Complete dominance
3. Incomplete dominance, no dominance, co-dominance
4. Overdominance

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 1.Complete dominance - a gene is dominant when it covers
the expression of its allele
• both Aa and AA individuals show the dominant phenotype
Example:
Coat color in Angus cattle: Black (B) is dominant over red (b)
Genotype Phenotype
BB Black
Bb Black
bb Red

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• Homozygous black will always produce black offsprings
Kinds of matings Genotype of Phenotype of
offsprings offsprings
BB x BB BB Black
BB x Bb BB, Bb (1:1) Black
BB x bb Bb Black

B B B B B B
B BB BB B BB BB b Bb Bb
B BB BB b Bb Bb b Bb Bb

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• Heterozygous black (Bb) individuals do not always breed true.
Kinds of matings Genotype of Phenotype of
offsprings offsprings
Bb x BB BB, Bb (1:1) Black
Bb x Bb BB, Bb, bb (1:2:1) 3 Black, 1 Red
Bb x bb Bb, bb (1:1) 1 Black, 1 Red

B b B b B b
B BB Bb B BB Bb b Bb bb
B BB Bb b Bb bb b Bb bb

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• Red (bb) individuals always produce red offspring, but do not breed
true when mated to black.
Kinds of matings Genotype of Phenotype of
offsprings offsprings
bb x BB Bb Black
bb x Bb Bb, bb (1:1) 1 Black, 1 Red
bb x bb bb Red

b b b b b b
B Bb Bb B Bb Bb b bb bb
B Bb Bb b bb bb b bb bb

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2.1.3 Overdominance - the
phenotypic effect in the
heterozygote is superior to either
homozygote
Example:
Sickle-cell anemia in African blacks
AA - normal hemoglobin
SS - sickle-cell
AS - heterozygote (highly resistant
to anemia than either AA or SS

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 3.Epistasis - interaction of two or more pairs of genes that are
not alleles to produce a particular phenotype.
Categories:
A)recessive epistasis (i.e. the A_ genotype conceals the effect of
all alleles at second locus) or
B)dominant epistasis (i.e. the aa genotype conceals the effect of
all alleles at the other locus.

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Example: Labs come in three basic colors: black, chocolate, and yellow.
These colors are determined by genes at two loci: the B (black) locus
and E (extension of pigmentation) locus, as follows:
BE = black
bbE = chocolate
ee = yellow

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 MECHANICS OF INHERITANCE

• The flow of the genetic material from generation to generation is

made possible by reproduction:
1. gametogenesis
2. fertilization

Gametogenesis - is the process of producing the reproductive cells

(spermatogenesis and oogenesis).
Fertilization - is the process of the union of the sperm and egg to form
a zygote which developes as a new individual.

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*Video on Spermatogenesis
*Video on Oogenesis
*Video on Fertilization

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 The Mendelian Inheritance

Mendelian Laws:
1.Law of Segregation and Recombination of Genes - Two
genes paired in body cells segregate each other in the gametes
and recombine in the zygote
2.Law of Independent Assortment or Random Assortment - Genes
for different characters are inherited independently of one another and
randomly combine during meiosis.

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 Law of Segregation and Recombination of Genes

Parental Generation: WW (White skin) ♂ x ww (Yellow skin) ♀

Gametes: W

w First filial generation (F1) =

Ww (White skin)

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Interse mating X W w

Female gametes Male gametes

W w
Second Filial W WW (White) Ww (White)
Generation (F2) w Ww (White) ww (yellow)

Genotypic ratio: 1 WW : 2 Ww : 1 ww
Phenotypic ratio: 3 White (W_ ) : 1 Yellow (ww)

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Summary:
1.For any character, the F1 showed one of the alternative
phenotype. Such character that was shown was dominant and the
character that was hidden was recessive.
2. Reciprocal crosses gave the same results.
3.The phenotype that did not appear in the F1 reappeared in the
F2 but in a frequency of 1/4 of the total number.

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 Law of Independent Assortment or Random Assortment

Example: Angus (dominant black BB) x Hereford (recessive red bb,

dominant white-face HH) cross

Angus (BBhh) bull Hereford (bbHH) cow

x (solid black) (white-faced, red)

Bh bH

BbHh (white-faced, black) [dihybrid]

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BbHh (White-faced
black)
♀ BH Bh bH bh
♂
BH BBHH BBHh BbHH BbHh
Bh BBHh BBhh BbHh Bbhh
bH BbHH BbHh bbHH bbHh
bh BbHh Bbhh bbHh bbhh

Genotypic ratio = 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 3 white-faced, red

Phenotypic ratio: 3 solid black
9 white-faced, black 1 solid red
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• Independent assortment observed in dihybrid crosses can also be
observed in trihybrids and other hybrids involving more than three
genes.
• Formula: number of gene pairs = n; kinds of gametes = 2n, kinds of
genotypes = 3n; kinds of phenotypes = 2n.

No. of Gene Kinds of Kinds of Kinds of

Pairs Gametes Genotypes Phenotypes
1 2 3 2
2 4 9 4
3 8 27 8
4 16 81 16
n 2n 3n 2n
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 Short History and Animal Breeding

• Robert Bakewell (1725-1795), a British

agriculturist, is considered the father of
animal breeding.
• He developed the Shire breed of horses, old
Longhorn cattle, and Leicester sheep.
• He believed that “like begets like”
• He suggested therefore to “breed the best to
best”.
en.wikipedia.org

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 le.ac.uk le.ac.uk en.wikipedia.org

le.ac.uk
en.wikipedia.org englishleceister.org.au
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• Jay Laurence Lush (1896-1982), an
American animal breeder from the Iowa
State University is considered the father
of modern animal breeding.
• 1930, established the foundation of
modern methods of estimating breeding
values.
• “like does not always begets like”
• chance play a part in the success of a
particular mating
• “breed the best to best and hope for the
best”

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nap.edu
• Charles Roy Henderson (1911-1989), an American animal geneticist
from Cornell University and Alan Robertson (1920-1989), a British
geneticist from the University of Edinburgh, became famous for their
computer evaluations.
• Bienvenido Maria Sioco Gonzalez (1893-1953), a Filipino animal
breeder from the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture
(UPCA) before the WWII.
• He developed the Philamin cattle, Berkjala pigs and Los Baňos
Cantonese chickens.

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Philamin Cattle Berkjala Pig Los Baños
Cantonese
Chicken
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 GOALS OF ANIMAL BREEDING

• The genetic constitution of the new individual is fixed at conception,

but the ability to express the kind and combination of genes the
individual possesses depends upon the environment.
The two main goals of animal breeding:
1.to find out through performance records what we have
genetically (i.e., analysis), and;
2.to raise the potential of productive efficiency by making
better combinations of genetic materials through systems of
breeding and selection (i.e. synthesis).

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• To make the best use of available records to maximize the probability
of selecting the best animals.

Animal breeders also aim to answer the following questions:

1. What percentage of the differences among animals is due to genetics
in origin?
2. What is the best statistical model for predicting breeding values
in order to rank individuals?
3. How do we measure and predict the genetic progress resulting
from different breeding programs?
4. How do we organize an efficient testing and recording program
to assist in making rapid genetic progress?
5. How do we provide the results to the industry to service its
needs?
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 A. Selection

• The process that determines which individuals become parents, how

many offspring they may produce, and how long they remain in the
breeding population.
1.Natural selection - the great evolutionary force that fuels
genetic change in all living things - both wild and domestic species.
Example: All animals with lethal genetic defects, are naturally selected
against - they never live to become parents.
2.Artificial selection - selection under human control. The
method used by breeders to make long-term genetic change in
animals
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Aspects of selection:
1.Replacement selection - which individuals will become parents for
the first time. Breeders select new animals to replace parents that have
been culled.
2. Culling - which parents will no longer remain parents.
• Replacement selection and culling involved different sets of animals,
but their purpose are the same: to decide which animals reproduce.
• In selection, we try to choose those animals with the best breeding
values: the animals that will contribute the best genes to the next
generation.
• Result? Improvement - increasing over time the proportion of
desirable genes in the population.
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 Bases of Selection used by Animal
Breeders
1.Individual selection (Phenotypic selection) - selection is based
on individual merit or performance.
• Heritability is high (that the trait is greatly affected by additive gene
action)
•Limitations:
1.In case of sex-limited traits, hence selection of breeding males
cannot be based on their own performance
2.Too young animals that their merits cannot be ascertained (milk
and egg production)

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 2.Family selection - whole family is selected or rejected according
to the mean phenotypic value of the family.
Forms of family selection:
1.Sib selection - based on the values of their brothers or
sisters. Selected individuals do not contribute to the estimate of
the family mean.
2.Progeny testing - based on the performance of the
individual's progeny.
3.Within family selection - based on the deviation of each
individual from the mean value of the family to which it belongs.
Those that exceed their family mean by the greatest amount are
regarded as most desirable and are that ones selected.

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2.3 Combined selection - combination of the above methods, that is
based on the family average and individual performance of its family
members.
Circumtances under which family selection is preferred:
1. Traits with low heritability
2. Little variation due to environment, and
3. Large family size

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 3.Pedigree selection - on the basis of individual's records of
inheritance such as performance record of the immediate parents and
grandparents.
Importance of pedigree selection:
1. Selection before the individual expresses the trait
2.Selection governed by sex-limited traits such as milk yield of
dairy cows and sow productivity
3. Selection of males prior to progeny test

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 4.Independent culling level - minimum standards are set for
several traits. A failure of any animal to meet the minimum standard
for any one trait results in the removal from the herd/flock.
• The performance in one trait is considered entirely independent of
the performance in other traits
• Effective if only few traits are considered at a time.
Disadvantage
• If standards are too high and too many traits are involved, the level
culled could be too high to leave sufficient animals to work with.

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 5.Selection Index - evaluation of important traits and combines
them into one figure or score. Higher scores mean more valuable
animals are selected for breeding purposes.
• The weight assigned to each trait included in the INDEX depends on
its economic importance, its heritability, and its genetic linkage to
other traits.
Example:
I = 270 + 100 ADG - 150 BF - 35 FE
Where:
I - index
270 - constant
ADG - average daily gain (kg)
BF - average backfat thickness
FE - feed efficiency
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 I = 270 + 100 ADG - 150 BF - 35 FE

Candidate ADG BF FE I
Gilt A 1.5 1.0 2.6 179
Gilt B 1.6 1.2 3.0 145

Advantage: Slightly substandard performance in one trait can be offset

by excellence in another trait
Disadvantages:
1. not suited when too many traits are included, and
2.progress is attempted on characters of low heritability or of
little economic importance

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 6.Tandem selection - only one trait at a time until satisfactory
improvement has been made, then selection efforts for this trait is then
relaxed, and efforts are directed toward the improvement of a second,
then a third, and so on.
• The efficiency of this method depends on the genetic association of
traits so that improvement in one by selection results in improvement
in the other.

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 B. Mating and Mating Strategy

•Mating - is the second tool used by animal breeders to

make genetic change. The process that determines which
(selected) males are bred to which (selected) females -
match males and females from the selected group.
•Reasons breeders use mating strategies:
1) to produce offspring with extreme breeding value in
order to increase the rate of genetic change,
2) to make use of complementarity,
3) to obtain hybrid vigor

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Example of mating systems and corresponding outcomes
Mating Rule Expected Outcome
Largest to largest Produces an extreme Speed up genetic change
Large to small Produces an intermediate Complementarity
Sorrel to cremello Produces a Palomino Complementarity
Charolais to Angus Produces a hybrid Crossbreeding
Half brother to half sister Produces an inbred Inbreeding

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 C. Breeding Systems

1.Inbreeding - Mating of individuals that are more closely related

than the average of the population.
• The primary effect is to fix hereditary qualities and bring about
homozygosty or purity for certain characters.
Types of inbreeding:
1.Close breeding - mating of closely related individuals such
as brother to sister, sire to daughter, or son to dam
2.Line breeding - mating of animals related to a lesser degree
like grandparents to grandchildren or great granchildren

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2. Outbreeding - Mating of unrelated individuals in the population
Crossbreeding - mating of animals of different breeds, varieties, strains,
or species of animals, completely unrelated to each other to obtain
hybrid vigor or heterosis for traits of great economic importance. The
hybrid vigor attained is due to the presence of many dominant genes in
heterozygous condition.
Hybrid vigor (heterosis) - the superiority of crossbred offspring over
the average of the parental purebreds:

% Heterosis - Crossbred average - Parental average

Parental average
x 100

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Traits Heritability (h2) Inbreeding Possible
Depression Heterosis

Reproduction, Low High High

fitness, mortality < 0.20
Production, growth Medium Medium Medium
0.20 - 0.40
Backfat, percent fat, High Low Low
carcass quality > 0.40

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 Forms of crossbreeding:
1. One-way or single cross - mating of two different breeds

2. Three-way or triple cross - mating of three breeds, or crossbred to

another breed.

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3. Crisscrossing - mating back of crossbred progeny to parental breed,
alternately

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4. Backcrossing - successive crossing of progeny to one of the parental
breed.

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5. Grading - mating of a purebred male to a nondescript female

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6. In-cross breeding - the creation of inbred lines from the same or
different breeds and the subsequent mating of selected lines. This is
one of wide application in producing the commercial strains of broilers
or egg-type chickens.

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Creation of a new
Breed
Brangus

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• Brahman - disease resistance, • Angus - superior carcass
overall hardness, outstanding quality, extremely functional
maternal instinct. females (fertility and milking
ability)

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 • International Brangus Breeders
Association, Kansas City,
Missouri.
• Brangus - fertility, longevity,
adaptability and mothering
ability.
• Crosses (Brangus x English) -
calves have tremendous growth
potential, feed efficiency, and
increased yield while obtaining
carcass quality.

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Reproductive
Biotechnologies

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 Artificial Insemination (AI)

• AI is a process of inducing fertilization in

the female reproductive tract without the
benefit of sexual contact between the
male and female animal. In AI the
semen is usually collected from the male
in some ways. The collected
semen is then processed in the laboratory
usually to extend the volume of the
semen and the in vitro shelf life of the
sperm cells. The processed
semen is then introduced manually into
the reproductive tract of an actively
ovulating female.
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 The benefits derived from AI

1. the number of females that could be mated by a single male is

increased dramatically
2. sexually-transmitted diseases are minimized
3. males that are physically unable to mate naturally may still be used
for breeding
4. in some species like cattle and carabao, for example, semen of bulls
that have been long dead may still be used for inseminating cows
5. because the number of progeny that could be produced by a single
male is increased, the accuracy of evaluating the breeding value of
a male is increased proportionately.

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Multiple ovulation and embryo
transfer (MOET) technology
• Multiple ovulation is a process by which the female animals is
induced to simultaneously ovulate more eggs than what is normally
shed.
• Embryo transfer is a technique wherein a young embryo is collected
from a donor female parent and then implanted into the uterus of a
recipient female parent.
• MOET increases the rate of reproduction of the females that are
selected to serve as embryo donors to as much as 30 to 50 times.

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 Sexing semen and in vitro
fertilization
• Technique separating the
fraction of the semen that would
carry a much larger proportion
of sperm cells carrying the Y-
chromosome than those that
carry the X-chromosome.

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 Nuclear cloning

• Nuclear cloning is the continued

splitting of embryos that would
lead to an indefinite duplication
of an individual.
• The challenge to animal
breeders would be to identify
the superior genotypes to be
cloned and the system of
continuing the genetic gain after
the superior genotypes have
been disseminated

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Breeds of Different Farm
Animals
Chickens
Ducks
Cattle
Goats
Swine Sheep

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 Popular Breeds of Beef Cattle
Angus
The Aberdeen Angus,
sometimes simply Angus, is a
Scottish breed of small beef
cattle. It derives from cattle
native to the counties of
Aberdeenshire and Angus in
north-eastern Scotland. The
Angus is naturally polled and
solid black or red, though the
udder may be white.

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Hereford
The Hereford is a British breed of
beef cattle that originated in the
county of Herefordshire, in the
West Midlands of England. It has
been exported to many countries,
and there are more than five
million purebred Hereford cattle
in over fifty nations worldwide.

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Charolais
The Charolais is a breed of taurine
beef cattle from the Charolais area
surrounding Charolles, in
Burgundy, in eastern France.
Charolais are raised for meat; they
may be crossed with other breeds,
including Angus and Hereford
cattle.

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Simmental
The Simmental or Swiss Fleckvieh
is a Swiss breed of dual-purpose
cattle. It is named after the
Simmental – the valley of the
Simme river – in the Bernese
Oberland, in the canton of Bern in
Switzerland. It is reddish in colour
with white markings, and is raised
for both milk and meat.

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Limousin
Limousin cattle are a breed of
highly muscled beef cattle
originating from the Limousin and
Marche regions of France. The
breed is known as Limousine in
France. Limousins Initially used
mainly as draft animals, interest in
Limousins as a source of high-
quality meat grew about 200
years ago.

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Brahman
The Brahman is an American
breed of zebuine beef cattle. It
was bred in the United States
from 1885 from cattle originating
in India, imported at various times
from the United Kingdom, from
India and from Brazil; these
included Gir, Guzerá, Indu-Brasil
and Ongole stock

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Brangus
Brangus is a hardy and popular
breed of beef cattle, a cross
between an Angus and a Brahman.
Animals eligible for registration as
Brangus cattle are 5/8 Angus and
3/8 Brahman. Brangus is a
registered trademark of the
International Brangus Breeders
Association.

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Shorthorn
The Shorthorn breed of cattle
originated in the North East of
England in the late 18th century.
The breed was developed as dual-
purpose, suitable for both dairy
and beef production; however,
certain blood lines within the
breed always emphasised one
quality or the other.

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Beefmaster
Beefmaster is a breed of beef cattle
that was developed in the early
1930s by Tom Lasater, after his
father Ed C. Lasater created the
breed, from a crossing of Hereford
cows and Shorthorn cows with
Brahman bulls

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Santa Gertrudis
Santa Gertrudis cattle are a tropical
beef breed of cattle developed in
southern Texas on the King Ranch.
They were named for the Spanish
land grant where Captain Richard
King originally established the King
Ranch.

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Texas Longhorn
The Texas Longhorn is a breed of
cattle known for its characteristic
horns, which can extend to over
70 inches tip to tip for bulls, and
up to 100 inches tip to tip for
steers and exceptional cows.

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Chianina
The Chianina is an Italian breed of
cattle, formerly principally a
draught breed, now raised mainly
for beef. It is the largest and one
of the oldest cattle breeds in the
world. The famous bistecca alla
fiorentina is produced from its
meat

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 Maine-Anjou
The Maine-Anjou is a French
breed of domestic cattle, raised
mainly in the Pays de la Loire
region in north-western France

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Gelbvieh
Gelbvieh is a cattle breed
originating in several Franconian
districts of Bavaria, Germany in
the mid-18th century. Gelbvieh
were originally known as “red-
yellow Franconian cattle” and
were developed from several local
breeds.

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Wagyu
Wagyu is any of the four Japanese
breeds of beef cattle. In several
areas of Japan, wagyu beef is
shipped carrying area names.
Some examples are Matsusaka
beef, Kobe beef, Yonezawa beef,
Mishima beef, Ōmi beef, and
Sanda beef

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Hanwoo
The Hanwoo, also Hanu or Korean
Native, is a breed of small cattle
native to Korea. It was formerly
used as a draught animal, but this
use has almost disappeared. It is
now raised mainly for meat. It is
one of four indigenous Korean
breeds, the others being the
Chikso, the Heugu and the Jeju
Black

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Blonde d'Aquitaine
The Blonde d'Aquitaine is a
modern French breed of large
domestic beef cattle. It was
created in 1962 by merging three
blonde draught breeds of south-
western France, the Blonde des
Pyrénées, the Blonde de Quercy
and the Garonnaise. Since about
1970 it has been selectively bred
specifically for beef production

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Belgian Blue
The Belgian Blue is a breed of beef
cattle from Belgium. It may also
be known as the Race de la
Moyenne et Haute Belgique.
Alternative names for this breed
include Belgian Blue-White;
Belgian White and Blue Pied;
Belgian White Blue; Blue; and Blue
Belgian.

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Dairy
Cattle
Holstein Friesians
Holstein Friesians are a breed of
dairy cattle originating from the
Dutch provinces of North Holland
and Friesland, and Schleswig-
Holstein in Northern Germany and
Jutland. They are known as the
world's highest-production dairy
animals.

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Jersey
The Jersey is a British breed of
small dairy cattle from Jersey, in
the Channel Islands. It is one of
three Channel Island cattle breeds,
the others being the Alderney –
now extinct – and the Guernsey.

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Brown Swiss
The Brown Swiss or American
Brown Swiss is an American breed
of dairy cattle. It derives from the
traditional triple-purpose
Braunvieh of the Alpine region of
Europe, but has diverged
substantially from it. It was
selectively bred for dairy qualities
only, and its draft and beef
capabilities were lost.

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Guernsey
The Guernsey is a breed of dairy
cattle from the island of Guernsey
in the Channel Islands. It is fawn
or red and white in colour, and is
hardy and docile. Its milk is rich in
flavour, high in fat and protein,
and has a golden-yellow tinge due
to its high β-carotene content.

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Sahiwal
Sahiwal is a breed of Zebu cattle
which primarily is used in dairy
production. Sahiwal originated
from the Sahiwal district of Punjab
province in Pakistan. They
produce the most milk of all zebu
breeds, followed by the very
similar Red Sindhi and Butana
breeds.

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Red Sindhi
Red Sindhi cattle are the most
popular of all Zebu dairy breeds.
The breed originated in the Sindh
province of Pakistan, they are
widely kept for milk production
across Pakistan, India, Bangladesh,
Sri Lanka, and other countries. It
originated in Hyderabad and
Bikaner

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Water
Buffalo
Murrah (River type)
The Murrah breed of water
buffalo is kept for dairy
production. Its home tract
stretches around the southern
parts of Haryana comprising the
districts of Rohtak, Jind, Hisar,
Jhajhar, Fatehabad, Gurgaon and
the Union Territory of Delhi

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Nili-Ravi
The Nili-Ravi is a breed of
domestic water buffalo. It is
distributed principally in Pakistan
and India, and is concentrated in
the Punjab region. It is similar to
the Murrah breed of buffalo, and
is reared mainly for dairy use.

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Surti
The Surti is a breed of water
buffalo found in the Charottar
tract of Gujarat between the Mahi
and Sabarmati rivers. The best
animals of this breed are found in
Anand, Kaira and Baroda districts
of Gujarat.

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Carabao
The carabao (Filipino: kalabaw) is
a domestic swamp-type water
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) native to
the Philippines.[1] Despite the
popular notion that this bovine
has been declared as the national
animal of the Philippines

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 Goat (meat)

Boer
The Boer goat is a breed of goat
that was developed in South
Africa in the early 1900s for meat
production. Their name is derived
from the Afrikaans word boer,
meaning farmer. Boer goats are a
popular breed for meat.

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 Goat (Dairy)

Saanen
The Saanen, German: 'Saanenziege',
French: 'Chèvre de Gessenay', is a
Swiss breed of domestic goat. It takes
its name from the Saanental in the
Bernese Oberland, in the southern
part of the Canton of Bern, in western
Switzerland.

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Anglo-Nubian
The Anglo-Nubian is a British
breed of domestic goat. It
originated in the nineteenth
century from cross-breeding
between native British goats and a
mixed population of large lop-
eared goats imported from India,
the Middle East and North Africa.
It is characterised by large,
pendulous ears and a convex
profile

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Toggenburg
The Toggenburg or Toggenburger
is a Swiss breed of dairy goat. Its
name derives from that of the
Toggenburg region of the Canton
of St. Gallen, where it is thought
to have originated. It is among the
most productive breeds of dairy
goat and is distributed world-wide,
in at least fifty countries in all
continents

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Alpine
The Alpine is a medium to large
sized breed of domestic goat
known for its very good milking
ability. They have no set colours or
markings. They have horns, a
straight profile and erect ears. The
breed originated in the French
Alps. Mature does weigh around
61 kg, and are about 76 cm tall at
the shoulder.

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American Lamancha
American Lamancha, or more
commonly, simply Lamancha or
LaMancha, is a formally
recognized breed of dairy goat,
first bred in California by Mrs. Eula
Fay Frey about 1927. Later she
moved the herd to Glide, Oregon
for further development.

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 Swine

Large White
The Large White is a British breed
of domestic pig. It derives from
the old Yorkshire breed from the
county of Yorkshire, in northern
England.

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Duroc
The Duroc pig is an older breed of
domestic pig. The breed was
developed in the United States
and formed the basis for many
mixed-breed commercial hogs.
Duroc pigs are reddish-brown,
large-framed, medium length, and
muscular, with partially-drooping
ears.

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Berkshire
Berkshire pigs, also known as
Kurobuta, are a rare breed of pig
originating from the English
county of Berkshire that are bred
and raised in several parts of the
world, including England, Japan,
the United States, Australia, and
New Zealand

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Hampshire
The Hampshire pig is a domestic
swine breed characterized by
erect ears, a black body, and a
white band around the middle,
covering the front legs.

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Piétrain
Piétrain is a Belgian breed of
domestic pig. It is native to
Wallonia, and takes its name from
the village of Piétrain in the
municipality of Jodoigne in
Walloon Brabant, in northern
Wallonia. It first appeared in
about 1920, and received
recognition as a breed in 1950.

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 Landrace
The Danish Landrace is a medium
to large breed of pig, white in
colour with long bodies, fine hair,
long snouts, and heavy drooping
ears. They are bred for pork
production. There are two distinct
varieties, the white and the
piebald

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Meishan
The Meishan is a breed of
domestic pig named for the
Chinese prefecture of Meishan. It
is a sub-group of the Taihu pig and
is a small to medium-sized breed
with large drooping ears, and
wrinkled black skin. Meishan Pigs
are extremely docile and
renowned for their tender and
flavorful red meat pork

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Tamworth
The Tamworth, also known as
Sandy Back and Tam, is a breed of
domestic pig originating in its
namesake Tamworth,
Staffordshire United Kingdom,
with input from Irish pigs

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Poland China
The Poland China is a breed of
domestic pig, first bred in the
Ohio, United States, in 1816,
deriving from many breeds
including the Berkshire and
Hampshire. It is the oldest
American breed of swine. Poland
China hogs are typically black,
sometimes with white patches,
and are known for their large size

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 Chicken

Plymouth Rock
The Plymouth Rock is an American
breed of domestic chicken. It was
first seen in Massachusetts in the
nineteenth century, and for much
of the early twentieth century was
the most popular chicken breed in
the United States. It is a dual-
purpose breed, raised both for its
meat and for its brown eggs

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Orpington
The Orpington is a breed of
chicken named after the town of
Orpington, Bromley, in south-east
London. It was bred for superior
egg laying while retaining meat
quality

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Rhode Island Red
The Rhode Island Red is an
American breed of domestic
chicken. It is the state bird of
Rhode Island. It was developed
there and in Massachusetts in the
late nineteenth century, by cross-
breeding birds of Oriental origin
such as the Malay with brown
Leghorn birds from Italy

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Wyandotte
The Wyandotte is an American
breed of chicken developed in the
1870s. It was named for the
indigenous Wyandot people of
North America. The Wyandotte is
a dual-purpose breed, kept for its
brown eggs and its yellow-skinned
meat. It is a popular show bird,
and has many color variants

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Brahma
The Brahma is a large breed of
chicken developed in the United
States from birds imported from
the Chinese port of Shanghai. The
Brahma was the principal meat
breed in the United States from
the 1850s until about 1930

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Cochin
The Cochin is a breed of large
domestic chicken. It derives from
large feather-legged chickens
brought from China to Europe and
North America in the 1840s and
1850s. It is reared principally for
exhibition. It was formerly known
as Cochin-Chin

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Marans
The Marans, French: Poule de
Marans, is a breed of chicken from
the port town of Marans, in the
département of Charente-
Maritime, in the Nouvelle-
Aquitaine region of south-western
France. It was created with the
local feral chickens descended
from fighting game chickens
carried from Indonesia and India.

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Araucana
The Araucana is a breed of
domestic chicken from Chile. Its
name derives from the Araucanía
region of Chile where it is believed
to have originated. It lays blue-
shelled eggs, one of very few
breeds that do so. Breed
standards for the Araucana vary
from country to country

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 New Hampshire
The New Hampshire breed of chicken
originated in the state of New
Hampshire in the United States.
Poultry farmers, starting with Rhode
Island Reds and performing generation
after generation of selective breeding,
intensified the characteristics of early
maturity, rapid full feathering, and
production of large brown eggs. The
mature birds are a rich chestnut red,
of a somewhat lighter and more even
shade than the Rhode Island Reds. The
chicks are also a lighter red.

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Minorca
The Minorca, Catalan: Gallina de
Menorca, Spanish: Menorquina, is
a breed of domestic chicken
originating in the Mediterranean
island of Menorca, in the Balearic
Islands to the south-east of Spain

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 Ducks (Egg type)

Indian Runners
Indian Runners are a breed of Anas
platyrhynchos domesticus, the
domestic duck. They stand erect like
penguins and, rather than waddling,
they run. The females usually lay
about 300 to 350 eggs a year or more,
depending whether they are from
exhibition or utility strains.

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Campbell
The Campbell is a British breed of
domestic duck. It was developed
at Uley, in Gloucestershire,
England, at the turn of the 20th
century; being introduced to the
public in 1898 and the Khaki
variety in 1901

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Silver Appleyard
The Silver Appleyard is a British
breed of domestic duck. It was
bred in the first half of the
twentieth century by Reginald
Appleyard, with the aim of
creating a dual-purpose breed
that would provide both a good
quantity of meat and plenty of
eggs. It is critically endangered.

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 Duck (meat type)

Pekin
The Pekin or White Pekin is an
American breed of domestic duck,
raised primarily for meat. It
derives from birds brought to the
United States from China in the
nineteenth century, and is now
bred in many countries, and in all
continents.

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Cayuga
A Cayuga Duck is a medium-class
domesticated duck breed that has
been a popular variety in the USA
since the mid-19th century. They
are used for egg and meat
production, as well as an
ornamental bird.

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Tsaiya
Tsaiya Ducks are bred mainly for egg production.
There are two varieties: a brown-feathered one,
and one with white feathers, and an orangish-
yellow beak and shanks.
Both have long necks, and hold themselves
somewhat upright. Their legs are far back on their
bodies.
The ducks are small, weighing only up to small
ducks, up to 3 pounds (1.4 kg.)
The females will lay up to 230 bluish-shelled eggs
a year.
The birds can start breeding when they are 4
months old.

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 Itik Pinas (IP)

• IP produces more eggs of up to

55 pieces per duck per year over
that of the traditional mongrel
ducks. IP eggs is also consistent in
terms of egg weight with at least
80% of egg produced weigh 65
grams or more.
• IP has three strains – two of which
are purelines known as IP-Itim and
IP-Khaki and one commercial hybrid
line, IP-Kayumanggi

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