DNS
INTRODUCTION
• Goal- Assign meaningful high level names to a large set of machines and
handle the mapping of those names to a machine IP address
• Case Insensitive com/COM
• Runs over the UDP and uses port 53
• DNS –Application Layer Protocol
• Each node in a tree has a domain name, and a full domain name is a sequence of
symbols specified by dots.
• DNS is a service that translates the domain name into IP addresses. This allows the
users of networks to utilize user-friendly names when looking for other hosts instead of
remembering the IP addresses.
• For example, suppose the FTP site at EduSoft had an IP address of [Link],
most people would reach this site by specifying [Link]. Therefore, the domain
name is more reliable than IP address.
COMPONENTS
• 6 components
• [Link] 2. Domain name [Link] Server [Link] Resolver [Link] Cache 6. Zone
• [Link] com-domain
• Vtubooks-domain name
• Name sever-Mapping domain names into IP addresses
• Name resolver-software –client interacting with server
• Name cache- Storage used by the name resolver to store information frequently
• Zone-Contigous part of a domain
TYPES
GENERIC DOMAIN
• It defines the registered hosts
according to their generic
behavior.
• Each node in a tree defines the
domain name, which is an index
to the DNS database.
• It uses three-character labels,
and these labels describe the
organization type.
COUNTRY AND INVERSE DOMAIN
• The format of country domain is • Used to map the address of a name
same as a generic domain, but it • The inverse domain is used for
uses two-character country mapping an address to a name. When
abbreviations (e.g., us for the the server has received a request from
the client, and the server contains the
United States)
files of only authorized clients.
• To determine whether the client is on
the authorized list or not, it sends a
query to the DNS server and ask for
mapping an address to the name.
WORKING
• DNS is a client/server network communication protocol. DNS clients
send requests to the. server while DNS servers send responses to the
client.
• Client requests contain a name which is converted into an IP address
known as a forward DNS lookups while requests containing an IP
address which is converted into a name known as reverse DNS lookups.
• DNS implements a distributed database to store the name of all the
hosts available on the internet.
NAME SPACES
• 2 types 1. Flat 2. Hierarchical
• Flat-Original set of machines on the internet . It consists of sequence of
characters with no further structure
• Name is assigned to address
• Adv-Names are convenient and short
• Disadvantage-Flat name cannot generalize to large set of machines
because they are large set of identifiers
• Hierarchical names-partitioning of name spacing
• Provides is simple yet flexible naming structure
• Partitioned at top level
• A tree can have only 128 levels
• Top level domain -3 types
• Arpa-Special domain used for address to name mappings
• 3 characters –generic
• 2 Characters –Country domains
DOMAIN NAME SPACE
• Inverted tree structure with the root at the top. Tree -128(0-127)
• Each node in a tree has a label , which is a string with maximum of 63
characters .Root label-null string/empty
• Each node in a tree has a domain name, and a full domain name is a
sequence of symbols specified by dots.
• Domain name-2 [Link] 2. PQDN
HIERARCHY OF NAME SERVERS
• To distribute the information of many computers , DNS servers are used
• Creates many domains as there are first level of nodes
• ZONE-Server have some authority and also responsible for operation .
Server creates a database, called zone file. Server maintain all the infn
abt the node
• 2 condition-1. Domain and zone –same –Server accept the
responsibility for a domain and not divide the domain into sub domain
• [Link] and Zone-not same-divide
• Root server –if Zone consists of a full tree then that zone server is
called root [Link] maintain information about the domain
• 2 types of server 1. Primary server 2. Secondary server
• Primary-Server keeps the file about the zone for which is responsible
and have authority. Operations-create, Update and maintaining
• Secondary- Loads all information from the primary server
RECURSIVE AND ITERATIVE RESOLUTION
• Recursive-A client request complete translation. If server authority for the
domain name, it check it database and respond.
• If the Server is not authority, it sends the request to another server and wait for
the response
• When query is finally resolved finally travel back until finally reaching the
requesting client
• Non Recursive-Only a single resolution is made and returned.
• If the server is an authority for the name it sends the answer .If it is not it
returns to the IP address of the server that it thinks can resolve the query
MESSAGE FORMAT
• Query message
• Response message.
• The information is held up in up to five different sections of DNS message format.
The query message is having two sections- header and question records.
• The response message consists of five sections:
• Header
• Question
• Records
• Answer records
• Authoritative records
• Additional records
• Identification: The identification field is made up
of 16 bits which are used to match the response
with the request sent from the client-side.
• Flags: It is 16 bits and is divided into the following
Fields .
• Number of Questions- It is a 16-bit field to
specify the count of questions in the Question
Section of the message. It is present in both query
and response messages.
LDAP
• Light weight directory access protocol
• Application level protocol-implement on top of TCP
• It stores entries, which is similar to objects. Each entry must have a
distinguished name
• LDAP provides binary, string and time types.
• It defines a network protocol for carrying out definition and
manipulation
DDNS
• Dynamic Domain name system
• Service that maps internet domain name to IP addresses
• Allows anyone hosting a web or FTP server to advertise a public name
to prospective users
• DNS-Static IP addresses work
• DDNS-Dynamic IP addresses work
ADVANTAGE
• Easy to remember
• An integral part of the internet
• Search engine friendly
• Change in IP address
• Very fast
• Easy and flexible
• High security
