Intended 1 2 3
Learning EXPLAIN the
differences
SOLVE problems
involving flow
CALCULATE the
dimensions of the
Outcomes between uniform
and non-uniform
depth, velocity, and most efficient cross-
discharge in section of an open
flow in open uniform and non- channel.
channels; uniform flow; and
Course Outline
Open Channel
• Any conduit that has an open or free
surface
• Examples are rivers, canals,
culverts, and flumes
• May vary in cross-section along its
length
Open Channel
• GENERAL FORMULA
• CHEZY’S FORMULA
WHERE:
(Darcy-Weisbach Formula)
(Manning Formula – SI Unit)
(Manning Formula - English)
Open Channel
• CHEZY’S FORMULA
WHERE:
(Kutter Formula – SI Unit)
(Kutter Formula – English Unit)
Open Channel
• CHEZY’S FORMULA
WHERE:
(Bazin Formula – SI Unit)
(Bazin Formula – English)
(where: m = Bazin Coefficient)
Unifor
m Flow
BOUNDARY SHEAR STRESS,
Sample Problem #1
A rectangular channel 1.8m wide conveys water at a depth of 1.2m.
a) What is the velocity of the flow if it is laid on a slope of 0.002 and n =
0.012?
b) What is the velocity if the channel slope is 0.1 degrees and n = 0.016 using
Kutter's formula for C?
c) What is the velocity of flow if S = 0.000263 and f = 0.02?
ANSWERS:
d) 2.39 m/s b) 1.69 m/s c) 0.7285 m/s
Sample Problem #2
The figure shows a natural channel flow consisting of the main channel and
two equal floodplains on its sides. Assume the slope of the channel is 0.0002
with n = 0.02 for the main channel and n = 0.04 for the floodplains.
(a) what is the estimated discharge in the main channel?
(b) what is the total discharge?
ANSWERS:
a) 153.61 m3/s
b) 193.97 m3/s
Rectangular
Section
b = 2d
R = d/2
Triangular
Section
b = 2d
R=
θ = 90°
Semi-Circular
Section
r=d
R=
Circular
Section
Max Q : d = 0.94D
Max V : d = 0.81D
Trapezoidal
Section
• When dimensions are given:
• When dimensions are not
given:
Sample Problem #3
The figure shows a natural channel flow consisting of the main channel and
two equal floodplains on its sides. Assume the slope of the channel is 0.0002
with n = 0.02 for the main channel and n = 0.04 for the floodplains. If the total
discharge is to be contained in an asphalt-lined semicircular channel (most-
efficient section) with n = 0.016, what diameter is required?
ANSWER: 15.162 m.
Sample Problem #4
An open channel is to be designed to carry 2.6 m3/s of water at a slope of
0.0009. The channel material has n = 0.014.
(a) compute the depth for a semi-circular most-efficient section.
(b) compute the depth for a rectangular most-efficient section.
(c) compute the depth for a trapezoidal most-efficient section.
ANSWERS:
a) 1.079 m. c) 1.041 m.
b) 0.986 m.
Alternative
Stages of
Flow
SPECIFIC ENERGY – ENERGY AT A SPECIFIC
POINT
Alternative
Stages of
Flow
SOLVING FOR VELOCITY AND DISCHARGE
Alternative
Stages of
Flow
FROUDE NUMBER
Alternative
Stages of
Flow
CRITICAL DEPTH IF B IS GIVEN
;
Alternative
Stages of
Flow
CRITICAL DEPTH IF B IS NOT GIVEN (Solve with
unit width)
Sample Problem #5
Water is flowing in a 12-m wide rectangular channel at 10.5 m3/s and a depth
of 1.1m.
(a) what is the specific energy?
(b) what is the critical depth?
ANSWERS:
a) 1.132 m.
b) 0.427 m.
Sample Problem #6
Water flows in a rectangular channel at a depth of 1.0m and a velocity of 4 m/s
(a) what is the unit discharge?
(b) what is the critical depth?
(c) what is the Froude number?
(d) is the flow subcritical or supercritical?
(e) what is the alternate depth?
ANSWERS:
a) 4 m3/s c) 1.277 e) 1.399 m.
b) 1.177 m d) Supercritical
Non-
Unifor
m Flow
Hydraulic
Jump
• UNBALANCED FORCE
𝑯𝒋=𝒅 𝟐 − 𝒅 𝟏
𝑭 𝒉𝟏 −𝟏
𝑳𝒋 =𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝒅𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 ( )
𝟐𝟐
Sample Problem #7
Water flows through an almost level channel (roughly horizontal channel
slope) 3m wide at a rate of 12 m3/s. The depth gradually increases from 1.0m
to 1.1m for a length of flow of 5m.
(a) what is the head loss?
(b) what is the slope of the energy gradient?
(c) compute the value of the roughness coefficient?
ANSWERS:
a. 0.0415 m. c. 0.0173
b. 0.0083
Sample Problem #8
A stream having a width of 5.4m carries 16.5 m3/s of flow rate at a velocity of
4.2 m/s.
(a) what is the Froude number?
(b) if hydraulic jump occurs, what is the depth of water downstream?
(c) how much energy was lost or dissipated by the hydraulic jump?
ANSWERS:
a) 1.572
b) 1.294 m.
c) 0.048 m.
LESSONS LEARNED
• Different formulae for open channels.
• Uniform and Non-uniform flow.
• Different open channel sections
Thank you.
