POPULATION AND SAMPLING
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
OF DATA
Laraib Fatima
Ayesha Mushtaq
Maham Waseem
Eman Rafique
Nameera Nazar
POPULATION AND
SAMPLING
Population : The entire group or set of
individuals, objects, or events that a study is
interested in.
Sample: A subset of the population selected for
study, from which data is collected.
TYPES OF POPULATION
Finite and Infinite Population
Finite Population : Infinite Population:
• This refers to a population • This type of population is
where the total number of theoretical and has an
members is known and unlimited number of
limited, making it possible members, making it
to enumerate or list every impossible to count or list
member. every member.
• For example, all students in • For Example could be the
a specific school or all number of grains of sand
on a beach.
employees of a company.
SAMPLING
A sample is a data set that observes a specific one or two
things from the population. If we put it another way, a sample
is a portion of the population of equal proportion, and the
procedure of selecting particular items from the population is
known as Sampling.
TYPES OF SAMPLING
Probability Sampling :
A method of random selection
gives an equal chance to each
representative to be chosen.
Techniques of Probability
Sampling
• Simple random sampling
• Systematic Sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Stratified Sampling
TYPES OF SAMPLING
Non Probability
Sampling :
Non-probability sampling is a
technique for choosing
portions of a population in a
non-random (i.e., subjective)
way.
Techniques non-probability
sampling
• Judgmental sampling
• Quota sampling
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
OF DATA
Data:
The meaning of DATA is factual information (such as
measurements or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning,
discussion, or calculation.
Graphical representation:
Using visual tools like charts and graphs to present, analyze,
and interpret data, functions, and other qualitative structures,
making complex information easier to understand.
Types Of Graphs
1. Histogram 3. Bar Chart
5. Scattered plot
2. Line graph 4. Pie Chart
HISTOGRAM
The histogram is a type of graph where the diagram consists of
rectangles, the area is proportional to the frequency of a
variable and the width is equal to the class interval. Here is an
example of a histogram.
TEST SCORES FREQUENCY
50 1
60 4
70 2
80 3
90 3
100 1
QUESTION
The following table gives the life time of 400 neon lamps. Draw
the histogram for the following data:
Lifetime in No of lamps
hours
300 – 400 14
400 -500 56
500 – 600 60
600 - 700 86
700 – 800 74
800 – 900 62
900 – 1000 48
BAR GRAPH
A group of data represented with rectangular bars with lengths
proportional to the values is a bar graph.
The bars can either be vertically or horizontally plotted.
Popularity of Out of 100
cuisines
Italian 95
Chinese 90
Japanese 85
Mexican 80
Indian 78
French 75
Thai 72
American 70
Spanish 65
Middle East 60
QUESTION
In a firm of 400 employees ,the percentage of monthly salary saved
by each employee is given in the following table. Represent it
through a bar graph.
Savings (in No of
percentage) employees(frequency)
20 105
30 199
40 29
50 73
Total 400
PIE CHART
Pie Chart
The pie chart is a type of graph that represents the data in the
circular form. The slices of pie show the relative size of the
data.
The are commonly used to show the percentage or categorical
data distribution (e.g. market share, survey results).
Formula: ( given data /total data )*360
How to create pie chart?
● Categorize the data
● Calculate the total
● Divide the categories
● Convert into percentages
● Finally calculate the degrees
EXAMPLE
Imagine a teacher surveys her class on the basis of favorite sports
of the students.
Football Hockey Cricket Basketball Badminton
10 5 5 10 10
Solution: Total number of students are 40.
Calculating percentage
Football Hockey Cricket Basketball Badminton
(10/40)* (5/40)* (5/40)* (10/40)* (10/40)*
100=25% 100=12.5% 100=12.5% 100=25% 100=25%
CALCULATING DEGREES
Table
Football Hockey Cricket Basketball Badminton
(10/40)*360= (5/40)*360=45 (5/40)*360=45 (10/40)*360= (10/40)*360=
90 degrees degrees degrees 90 degrees 90 degrees
QUESTION
A teacher surveyed a group of students to see what their
favorite hobby of each student is. Lets take a look at the pie
chart example with an explanation. The data collected is listed
as follows:
Hobbies Number of students
Singing 16
Reading books 20
Dancing 10
Painting 30
others 24
LINE GRAPH
● A line graph is a type of a chart used in graphical
presentation of data to show trends, changes or progressions
overtime.
● It consist of data points connected by continuous line making
it deal for visualizing how variable changes over a period.
HOW TO FORM A LINE GRAPH?
● X-axis; represents a time interval or another independent
variable (For example: Months, Years, Age groups ).
● Y axis; represents the dependent variable (For example:
Sales, Temperature, Population).
● Data points; each point represents a value at specific time .
● Line; connects the point to show trends growth or decline.
Months Temp
EXAMPLE
Jan 1°
Feb 5°
Mar 10°
Apr 12°
May 14°
Jun 16°
Jul 20°
Aug 22°
Sep 20°
Oct 16°
Nov 7°
Dec 2°
QUESTION
Compare COVID 19 cases and Dengue cases reported over past
5 years in Pakistan . Explain it through line graph (A
hypothetical
Years data not aCovid
factual
19 data). Dengue
2019 200M 50M
2020 250M 80M
2021 300M 30M
2022 110M 150M
2023 100M 200M
2024 80M 250M
2025 10M OR BELOW 30M 0R BELOW
SCATTER PLOT
A scatter plot is a type of graph used to show the
relationship between two different things (variables). Each
dot on the graph represents a data point, showing how one
thing changes compared to another.
.
EXAMPLE
Study Time Exam Score
2 55
4 65
6 75
8 85
10 95
Types of correlations
●Positive correlation
●Negative correlation
●No correlation
Positive correlation
Negative correlation
No correlation
QUESTION
A survey was conducted on the use of mobile phones and how
it effects our sleep health. Draw a scatter plot between these
two as shown in the table .
Solution
Screen Time (hour) Sleep Time
2 8.5
4 7.5
6 6.5
8 5.5
10 4.1
LIMITATION OF SCATTER PLOT
● No Exact Values – Only shows trends, not precise data
points.
● Doesn’t Prove Causation – Correlation doesn’t mean
one variable causes the other.
● Difficult with Large Data – Too many points can make it
messy and unclear.
● Not Useful for Non-Numeric Data – Can’t represent
categorical variables.
● Overlapping Points – Dense data may hide individual
points, making analysis harder.
USE OF GRAPHS IN THE FIELD OF
PSYCHOLOGY
● Histograms are used to examine the distribution of test
scores ,the response time in an experiment, or the
distribution of scores on psychological assessments.
● Line graphs are used for tracking mental health trends
overtime (e.g,. a psychologist tracks depression level of a
client over 6 months).
● Bar charts are used to represent and compare the mean
scores for two or more groups or conditions.
● Pie charts are used in cognitive therapy.
● The scatter plot is used for identifying temporal patterns in
the occurrence of behavior problems.
ANY QUESTION ?
THANK YOU
