Project Quality
Management
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Session objectives
Explain quality and project quality
management
Explain project quality management
processes
Describe tools and techniques
Explain types of project quality costs
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What is Quality?
The International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) defines quality as the totality of characteristics
of an entity that bear/allow on its ability to satisfy
stated or implied needs.
Other experts define quality based on
◦ Conformance to requirements: meeting written
specifications/task completeness.
◦ Fitness for use: ensuring a product can be used as it was
intended/proposed. 3
Project Quality
Management
It includes the processes for
incorporating the organization’s quality
policy regarding:
Planning, managing, and
Controlling project/product quality
requirements in order to meet
stakeholders objectives.
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Modern Quality
Management
Modern quality management
Requires customer satisfaction
Prefers prevention to inspection
Recognizes management responsibility
for quality.
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Project Quality Management Processes
Quality planning: identifying which quality
standards are relevant to the project and how to
satisfy them.
Quality assurance: evaluating overall project
performance to ensure the project will satisfy
the relevant quality standards.
Quality control: monitoring /checking specific
project results to ensure that they obey with the
relevant quality standards although identifying
ways to improve overall quality.
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Quality Planning
The process of identifying which quality
standards are relevant to the project and how to
satisfy them.
It is important to design quality and important
factors that directly contribute to meeting
customer’s requirements.
Many aspects of software projects affect quality
like functionality, features, system outputs,
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performance, reliability, and maintainability…..
Quality Assurance
Quality assurance is the process, that includes all the
activities related to satisfying the relevant quality
standards for a project.
or a process of translating quality mang plan in to
executable quality activities that incorporate the
organizations quality policies in to project.
The goal of quality assurance is continuous quality
improvement.
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Quality Control
The process of monitoring and recording specific
project results to ensure that,
They obey with the relevant quality standards
The project outputs are complete ,correct and meet
customer expectation.
The main outputs of quality control are
◦ acceptance decisions, rework , process
adjustments…..
Some tools and techniques include
◦ pareto analysis
◦ statistical sampling
◦ quality control charts 9
Pareto Analysis
Pareto analysis involves identifying the vital
few contributors that account for the most
quality problems in a system
Also called the 80-20 rule, meaning that
80% of problems are often due to 20% of
the causes.
Pareto diagrams are histograms that help to
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Sample Pareto Diagram
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Statistical Sampling and Quality
control charts
Reading assignment………
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Testing
Many SW professionals think testing as a
stage that comes near the end of SW
product development.
Testing should be done during almost every
phase of the SDLC.
Can be manual or automated.
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Testing tasks in the
software
development life
cycle
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Types of Tests
A unit test is done to test each individual
component (often a program) to ensure it is
as defect free as possible
Integration testing occurs between unit
and system testing to test functionally
grouped components.
System testing tests the entire system as
one entity.
User acceptance testing is an
independent test performed by the end
user prior to accepting the delivered system. 15
Gantt Chart for Building Testing into a
Systems Development Project Plan
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Improving Software Project Quality
A large percentage of quality problems are
associated with management, not technical
issues.
Several suggestions for improving quality for
software projects include:
Leadership that promotes quality
Understanding the cost of quality.
Focusing on organizational influences and
workplace factors that affect quality
Following maturity models to improve 17
Cost of Quality
The cost of quality is
the cost of conformance or delivering products
that meet requirements and fitness for use.
the cost of nonconformance or taking
responsibility for failures or not meeting quality
expectations. 18
Cost Categories Related to Quality
The Cost of Quality category codes are the
following:
Prevention Costs
Appraisal Costs
Internal Error Costs
External Error Costs
Measurement and test equipment costs:
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Prevention Costs
Prevention costs are investments made
ahead of time in an effort to ensure
conformance to requirements.
Examples include activities such as orientation
of team members, training, and the
development of project standards and
procedures. 20
Appraisal Costs
Appraisal costs are costs incurred to
identify defects after the fact (real
world).
Examples include activities such as
walkthroughs and testing.
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Internal Error Costs
Internal error costs are the costs of
rework and repair before delivery to a
customer.
An example is fixing faults detected
during internal testing.
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External Error Costs
External error costs are the costs of rework
and repair after delivery to a customer.
One example would be rework and repair
resulting from acceptance testing.
Another example would be the actual costs
incurred during warranty support/ license.
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Measurement and test equipment
costs:
Measurement and test equipment costs:
capital cost of equipment used to
perform prevention and appraisal
activities.
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ISO 9000
An international set of standards for quality
management.
Applicable to a range of organizations from
manufacturing to service industries.
ISO 9001 applicable to organizations which
design, develop and maintain products.
ISO 9001 is a generic model of the quality
process that must be instantiated for each
organization using the standard. 25
Software quality attributes
Safety Understandability Portability
Security Testability Usability
Reliability Adaptability Reusability
Resilience Modularity Efficiency
Robustness Complexity Learnability
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Thanks
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