19AR12005 THEORY OF

STRUCTURES 1 & 2
S1S2 B.ARCH

Asst. Prof. Merin Kuriakose, SSET

Ph No. 9567886445
Module 1
◦ Internal marks – 50 marks 35 marks
◦ Attendance – 10 marks
◦ Internal tests (2) – 25 marks
◦ Assignments – 15 marks
◦ (5 marks – lecture note submission
◦ 5 mark – 1st assignment
◦ 5 mark – 2nd assignment)
◦ External marks – 100 marks – 40 marks
◦ 150 marks – 75 pass mark
 Structures – Its Role in Architecture

◦ Structure – construction framework of identifiable elements (beams, columns, walls, slabs etc)
which gives forms and stability and resists stresses and strains.
◦ Structure is a cohesive whole built up of distinct parts while architecture is the art and science of
designing buildings and other structures.
◦ The surfaces which form the envelope, that is the walls, the floors and the roof of the building, are
subjected to various types of loading: external surfaces are exposed to the climatic loads of snow,
wind and rain; floors are subjected to the gravitational loads of the occupants and their effects; and
most of the surfaces also have to carry their own weight
◦ All of these loads tend to distort the building envelope and to cause it to collapse; it is to prevent
this from happening that a structure is provided.
◦ The function of a structure may be summed up, therefore, as being to supply the strength and
rigidity which are required to prevent a building from collapsing. More precisely, it is the part of a
building which conducts the loads which are imposed on it from the points where they arise to the
ground underneath the building, where they can ultimately be resisted.
◦The location of the structure within a building is not always obvious because the structure
can be integrated with the nonstructural parts in various ways.
◦Sometimes, as in the simple example of an igloo in which ice blocks form a self-supporting
protective dome, the structure and the space enclosing elements are one and the same thing.
◦Sometimes the structural and space enclosing elements are entirely separate.
◦A very simple example is the tepee in which the protecting envelope is a skin of fabric or
hide which has insufficient rigidity to form an enclosure by itself and which is supported on
a framework of timber poles.
 Assignment 1
◦Group 1 (Roll numbers 1-6) : Structural Development in Architectural
history – different time periods in architecture
◦Group 2 (Roll numbers 7-11) : Historical evolution of walls, post & beams
◦Group 3 (Roll numbers 12-16) : Historical evolution of arches
◦Group 4 (Roll numbers 17-21) : Historical evolution of vaults
◦Group 5 (Roll numbers 22-26) : Historical evolution of domes
◦Group 6 (Roll numbers 27-31) : Historical evolution of suspended structures
◦Group 7 (Roll numbers 32-36) : Historical evolution of truss
◦Group 8 (Roll numbers 37-41) : Historical evolution of sky scraper
 Force
◦ Force - defined as an agent which produces or tends to produce, destroys
or tends to destroy motion
◦ Force is an external agent capable of changing the state of rest or motion
of a particular body
◦ It has a magnitude and a direction
◦ SI unit of force = Newton(N)

Effects of a Force
◦ It may change the motion of a body. i.e.
if a body is at rest, the force may set it in motion. And if the body is
already in motion, the force may accelerate it.
◦ It may retard the motion of a body.
◦ It may retard the forces, already acting on a body, thus bringing it to rest
or in equilibrium.
◦ It may give rise to the internal stresses in the body, on which it acts
CHARACTERISTICS OF A FORCE
◦ 1. Magnitude of the force (i.e., 100 N, 50 N, 20 kN, 5 kN, etc.)
◦ 2. The direction of the line, along which the force acts (i.e., along OX, OY, at 30°
North of East etc.). It is also known as line of action of the force.
◦ 3. Nature of the force (i.e., whether the force is tensile or compressive). This is
denoted by placing an arrow head on the line of action of the force.
◦ 4. The point at which (or through which) the force acts on the body.
 SYSTEM OF FORCES
◦When two or more forces act on a body, they are called to form a system of forces.
◦1. Coplanar forces. The forces, whose lines of action lie on the same plane, are known as
coplanar forces.
◦2. Concurrent forces. The forces, which meet at one point, are known as concurrent
forces. The concurrent forces may or may not be collinear
 SYSTEM OF FORCES
◦3. Collinear forces. The forces, whose lines of action lie on the same line, are known
as collinear forces.
◦ 4. Coplanar concurrent forces. The forces, which meet at one point and their lines of
action also lie on the same plane, are known as coplanar concurrent forces.

Collinear forces

Coplanar concurrent forces

 SYSTEM OF FORCES
◦5. Coplanar non-concurrent forces. The forces, which do not meet at one point, but
their lines of action lie on the same plane, are known as coplanar non-concurrent
forces.
◦6. Non-coplanar concurrent forces. The forces, which meet at one point, but their lines
of action do not lie on the same plane, are known as non-coplanar concurrent forces.

Coplanar non-concurrent forces Non-coplanar concurrent forces

 SYSTEM OF FORCES
◦7. Non-coplanar non-concurrent forces. The forces, which do not meet at one point and
their lines of action do not lie on the same plane, are called non-coplanar non-concurrent
forces.
◦8. Coplanar parallel forces. The forces, whose lines of action lie on the same plane and
are parallel to each other
◦9. Non coplanar parallel forces. The forces, whose lines of action do not lie the same
plane and are parallel to each other

Non-coplanar non-concurrent forces

Coplanar parallel forces
SYSTEM OF FORCES
RESULTANT FORCE
◦ If a number of forces, P, Q, R ... etc. are acting simultaneously on a
particle, then it is possible to find out a single force which could
replace them i.e., which would produce the same effect as produced by
all the given forces.
◦ This single force is called resultant force and the given forces R ... etc.
are called component forces.
COMPOSITION OF FORCES
◦The process of finding out the resultant force, of a number of given forces, is
called composition of forces or compounding of forces.

METHODS FOR THE RESULTANT FORCE

The resultant force, of a given system of forces, may be found out analytically by
the following methods :
◦Parallelogram law of forces
◦ Method of resolution
 Parallelogram law
◦“If two forces, acting simultaneously on a particle, be represented in
magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram ; their
resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the
parallelogram, which passes through their point of intersection.”
The force F1 = 4 units and force F2 = 3 units are acting on a body at point A,

- to get resultant of these forces parallelogram ABCD is constructed such that AB is equal to 4 units to linear scale and AC is equal to 3 units

-Diagonal scale AD represents the resultant in the direction and magnitude

◦Magnitude of Resultant
 Parallelogram law
◦ Direction of Resultant,
Let α be the angle made by the resultant with force P

Similarly, if β is the angle of inclination of resultant force with the line of action
of force Q
 Questions
Q1) Two forces of 100 N and 150 N are acting simultaneously at a point.
What is the resultant of these two forces, if the angle between them is 45°?
◦Q2) Two forces act at an angle of 120°. The bigger force is of 40 N and
the resultant is perpendicular to the smaller one. Find the smaller force.
◦
◦Q4) Two forces are acting at a point O as shown in figure. Determine the resultant in magnitude and
direction.
◦ 5Q) The resultant of two concurrent forces is 1500N and the angle between the forces
is 90̊. The resultant makes an angle of 36̊ with one of the force. Find the magnitude of
each force.
2. Method of Resolution of Forces
Replacement of several forces by a single force – Composition
Replacement of a single force by several forces – Resolution
Force which is split into two parts – Resolved force
Parts which are split – Component forces
◦ = F cos
◦ = F sin
Resultant of Coplanar Force System
Question
 Questions
◦ Q1) The forces 20 N, 30 N, 40 N, 50 N and 60 N are acting at one of
the angular points of a regular hexagon, towards the other five angular
points, taken in order. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant
force.
◦ = 20 + 30 cos30 + 40 cos60 – 60 cos60
◦ = 36N
◦ = 30 sin30 + 40 sin60 + 50 + 60 sin60
◦ = 151.6N
Q2) Five forces are acting on a particle as shown in figure. If the vertical component
of all the forces is -1000N. Find the value of P. Also calculate the magnitude and the
direction of the resultant.
Solution
 Questions
◦ Q3) Particle ‘O’ is acted upon by the following forces
(i) 20N inclined 30ᵒ to north of east
(ii) 25N towards North
(iii) 30N towards northwest
(iv) 35N inclined 40ᵒ to south of west
Find the resultant force in magnitude and direction
Solution
Q4) A triangle ABC has its side AB = 40 mm along positive x-axis and side BC = 30
mm along positive y-axis. Three forces of 40 N, 50 N and 30 N act along the sides AB,
BC and CA respectively. Determine magnitude of the resultant of such a system of
forces.
Q5) A system of forces are acting at the corners of a rectangular block as shown in
figure. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force
Principle of Transmissibility of
forces
PRINCIPLE OF TRANSMISSIBILITY OF
FORCES
◦ It states, “If a force acts at any point on a rigid body, it may also be considered to act at
any other point on its line of action, provided this point is rigidly connected with the
body.”
 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
◦This principle states that the combined effect of force system acting on a particle or a
rigid body is the sum of effects of individual forces.
◦Consider two forces P and Q acting at A on a boat as shown in Fig.3.1. Let R be the
resultant of these two forces P and Q. According to Newton’s second law of motion, the
boat will move in the direction of resultant force R with acceleration proportional to R.
The same motion can be obtained when P and Q are applied simultaneously.
PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
Moment of a force
Varignon’s theorem
Q1.) A force of 15 N is applied perpendicular to the edge of a door 0.8 m wide as
shown in Figure (a). Find the moment of the force about the hinge. If this force is
applied at an angle of 60° to the edge of the same door, as shown in Fig (b), find the
moment of this force.
◦ Q2. Three forces of 2P, 3P and 4P act along the three sides of an equilateral triangle of side
100 mm taken in order. Find the magnitude and position of the resultant force.
◦Q2)
◦ Q3) Four forces equal to P, 2P, 3P and 4P are respectively acting along the four sides of square
ABCD taken in order. Find the magnitude, direction and position of the resultant force.
◦ Q4) Find the magnitude, direction and position of the forces shown in figure
◦Q4) Solution
◦Q4) Solution
 Couple
◦ A pair of two equal and unlike parallel forces (i.e. forces equal in magnitude, with lines of
action parallel to each other and acting in opposite directions) is known as a couple.
◦ The perpendicular distance between the lines of action of the two equal and opposite parallel
forces, is known as arm of the couple
◦ The moment of a couple is the product of the force (i.e., one of the forces of the two equal and
opposite parallel forces) and the arm of the couple. Mathematically: Moment of a couple = P ×
a where P = Magnitude of the force, and a = Arm of the couple.
◦ Couples - classified into the following two categories, depending upon their direction, in which
the couple tends to rotate the body, on which it acts: 1.Clockwise couple, and 2.Anticlockwise
couple.
COUPLE
• The resultant of two unlike parallel forces of same magnitude is zero.
Hence these forces cannot be replaced by another single force.
• Such two forces having the same magnitude , parallel line of action,
and opposite sense are said to form a couple.
• The plane in which the forces act is called the plane of the couple.
• The distance between the line of action of forces is called arm of
couple.
 PROPERTIES OF FORCE COUPLE
1. The two forces constituting a couple are equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction. Therefore the sum of forces of a couple is zero
2. The moment of a couple about any point in the plane of couple is a constant and
is independent of the position of moment centre.
Moment of couple about O ,
M = F(d+x)-F x
= Fd+ Fx-Fx
= Fd

Since the moment of couple , F x d is independent of x, it is a constant.

 PROPERTIES OF FORCE COUPLE CONTD.
3. Action of a couple on a rigid body will not be changed if its arm is turned
in the plane of couple through any angle about one of its ends.
4. Without changing the action on a body , a given couple can be replaced by
another one with different forces with a different arm , provided the
moments of the two couples are equal.
5. Several Couples in one plane can be replaced by a single couple acting in
the same plane such that the moment of this single couple is equal to
algebraic sum of moments of the given couple
RESOLUTION OF A GIVEN FORCE INTO FORCE
ACTING AT A GIVEN POINT AND A COUPLE
Resolution of force into force and
couple system
Problem
Replace the force acting at A by a force abd couple at i) B and ii) at C
Solution
Case i)
When the force acts at A,
∑Fv = -10kN
∑FH = 0
∑MB = -10 x 3= -30kNm = 30kNm ccw

When the force acts at B,

∑Fv = -10kN
∑FH = 0
∑MB = 30kNm ccw
Case ii)
When the force acts at A,
∑Fv = -10kN
∑FH = 0
∑MC = 10 x 4= 40kNm cw

When the force acts at C,

∑Fv = -10kN
∑FH = 0
∑MC = 40kNm cw
 Questions
Q1)
 Questions
◦ Q2) Determine the resultant force and its position
◦ Q3)
◦ Q4)
Solution
Solution