Chapter

3 and
Image
Graphics
Digital Image

A Digital Image is a numeric representation of

a two-dimensional image and is made of
picture elements called pixels, arranged in
rows and columns.
These numeric values are the intensity or
brightness values that are associated with the
pixels.
 Digital
Image
• Is spatial representation of an
object.
•

3
 Digital
Image
• Is spatial representation of an
object.
•

5
 Digital
Image
• Is spatial representation of an
object.
•

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Colour pixels are RGB, meaning they have
three pieces of information associated with
them, namely the Red, Green and Blue
components.
Grayscale pixels have one component, a gray
tone derived from a graduate scale from black
to white.
A colour pixel is generally 24-bit (3 × 8-bit),
and a gray pixel is just 8-bit.
This basically means that a colour pixel has a
triplet value comprised of 0…...255 for each of
red, green and blue components, whereas a
grayscale pixel has a single values 0…….255.
The figure below compares a colour and
RGB vs Grayscale
 Basic
Concepts
• Image is matrix of numeric values
given by function I(r,c)
• r and c are row and column of the
point
• The point is also called pixel

• I(r,c) is intensity value or gray level at

point (r,c)
• Gray scale for monochrome(single
color black/white) picture is 0 and 1
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• Gray scale for 8 bit image is 0 to 255.
 Bitmap
Image
• Each pixel’s gray value is either 0 or 1

• Each pixel requires 1bit

• 6 4 0 x 4 8 0 bit mapped image

requires 37.5 KB storage

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 Grayscale
Image
• Each pixel’s gray value is either 0 or 1

• Each pixel requires 1bit

• 6 4 0 x 4 8 0 bit mapped image

requires 37.5 KB storage

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Lenna (or Lena) is a standard test
image used in the field of digital
image processing starting in 1973,
It is a picture of
the Swedish model Lena Forsén,
shot by photographer Dwight
Hooker.
 2 4 bit color
image
• Each pixel’s gray value is either 0 or 1

• Each pixel requires 1bit

• 6 4 0 x 4 8 0 bit mapped image

requires 37.5 KB storage

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Pseudo v s true
color

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Captured Image
Format
• Specified by two main parameters

• Spatial resolution (pixel x pixel) and

color encoding (bits per pixel
• SPARC station captures images at
320 x 240
• Color encoding m a y be 1bit, 8bit, or
24bit

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 Stored Image
Format
• Image is stored in the form of
two dimensional array of
values
• Binary value for bitmap and red, green,
blue components for color image
• It is good to store R G B triples.

• Color image of size 6 4 0 x 4 8 0 of 2 4 bit

requires 900K

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 Graphics image
format
●
Disadvantages: conversion from
graphical primitives and attributes to
pixel
• Formats are SRGP, PHIGS, G K S

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 Image
processing
• Broad classes are image synthesis,
image analysis
• Image synthesis can be done with
the help of computer graphics
• Computer graphics is drawing pictures,
lines, charts with the help of computer
• Image synthesis is integral part of GUI

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 Image
processing
• Used for 2D, 3 D and higher
dimensional objects
• S o m e of e.g. that uses graphics are

• GUI windows system with icons and

menu items
• Office automation, desktop
publishing
• 20
 Image
Processing
Simulations and animation for
scientific visualization and
entertainment
• Graphics can contain dynamics
also

Motion Dynamics: Moved with respect

to a stationary or dynamic observer,
e.g. flight simulator

Update Dynamics: objects are changed

in shape, color or other properties, e.g.
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deformation of an in-flight aeroplane
 Image
Processing
●Non-interactive computer graphics:
passive, no communication between
user and computer graphics.
• User has no control over the graphics.

• Screen saver

• Interactive involves communication

between user and computer graphics

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Interactive Graphics
Systems
• Video digitizer captures analog signal
(NTSC, PAL) and create a digital signal
• Digital images are used for image
recognition and video conferencing.
• Focus on image generation via
graphics system
• Generates graphics images

• For e.g., S R GP uses QuickDraw

raster graphics and MIT’s X
outpu
windows system for 19

t
Interactive Graphics
Systems
• Its important components
are application model
application
program
graphics system
graphics
hardware

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Components of
interactive
graphics systems

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Components of
interactive
graphics systems

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 Raster
Display
•

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 Raster
Display
• Raster Display employs CRT panel for
display
• Has rows of phosphor dots

• At the back of CRT, electron g u n s exists

• Phosphor dots glow when hit by

electrons from electron g u n
•

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Raster Display
Architecture

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 Raster
Display
• Electron beam moves across screen,
one row at a time from top to bottom
• Picture information is stored in refresh
buffer
• Display controller receives and
interprets sequence of output
commands
• In personal computer, display
controller exists a s software
• component. 26

•
 Raster
Display
• Video controller can read refresh buffer
and produce actual image on the
screen
• Electronic beam turn on and turn off
the phosphor spots according to
image information
• After scanning each row, electronic
beam comes back to the start point
of next row
• It is called horizontal retrace
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 Ditherin
g
• Improves quality of images.

• Creates illusions of the color that is

not present actually.
• Done by random arrangement of
pixels
• If a pixel is replaced by m x n dither
matrix (array of dots), levels of
intensities can be 0 to mxn.
•
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 Ditherin
g
• 2x2 dither matrix can represent 5
intensity levels
• Consider red, blue, green channels of
a pixel
• If each channel is replaced by 2x2
dither matrix, then it can represent
5x5x5 = 1 2 5 colors

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 Ditherin
g
• 2x2 dither matrix can represent 5
intensity levels
• Consider red, blue, green channels of
a pixel
• If each channel is replaced by 2x2
dither matrix, then it can represent
5x5x5 = 1 2 5 colors

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 Image
Processing
• Algorithms that alter input image to
create new image
• Extracts image descriptions for higher
level analysis of image
• Description can be shape of object,
position, orientation etc
•

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Image
Processing

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Image Processing
application
• Aerial surveillance photographs

• Slow scan television images of the

moon
• X-ray images

• Computerized axial tomography

scans(CT scan)
•

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Image Processing
application
• Image
enhancement
• Pattern recognition

• Scene analysis

• Computer vision

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Image Processing
application
• Image
enhancement
• Pattern recognition

• Scene analysis

• Computer vision

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 Image
Enhancement
• Improves image quality by eliminating
noise
• Or by enhancing contrast

• For e.g. x-ray images

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 Pattern detection
and recognition
• Detects and classifies standard patterns

• Finds distortions from the patterns

• For e.g. static and dynamic recognition

with O C R
• Recognizing characters at the
moment of writing is easier than
scanned characters
• Because dynamic recognizer records the
sequence, direction, speed, pressure for
each character 41
 Computer
vision
• Deals with recognizing and
reconstructing 3 D models of a scene
from several 2 D images
• For e.g. robot sensing size, shape,
position and color of objects.

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 Image
recognition
• To recognize an object like cup, we
should have pixel information of the
object
• Must know which pixels in the
spatial configuration are part of
object
• It helps to distinguish special markings,
lines curves, surfaces or boundaries
• Diffi culty of object recognition depends
upon kind of object, background,
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imaging sensor etc
 Image
recognition
• Simple corner extraction could identify
image

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Image recognition
steps
• Each pixel’s gray value is either 0 or 1

• Each pixel requires 1bit

• 6 4 0 x 4 8 0 bit mapped image

requires 37.5 KB storage

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Image recognition
steps
• Formatting:
capturing of an image and transforming
to a digital representation
• Conditioning
image m a y contain uninteresting
features due to noise or background.
Informative patterns m a y be
modified by random variations
conditioning suppresses such
features and highlight interesting
parts of image.
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Image recognition
steps
• Labeling:
- a s s u m e s informative pattern has
structure
- analysis adjacent pixels, we can
determine structure like edge
- edge detection identifies continuous
adjacent pixels that differ greatly in
intensity or color.
- threshold filters out insignificant edges.
- corner detection is done in similar way
- edge and corner are labeled

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Image recognition
steps
• Extraction:
-computes list of properties for each
group of pixels
- for e.g. centroid, area, orientation,
spatial moments, gray tone moments,
spatial-Grey tone, number of holes,
average curvature
- describes topographical
relationship between different
groups

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Image recognition
steps
• Matching:
- compares each object in the image
with previously stored models
- determines best matching

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Image recognition
steps
• Matching:
- compares each object in the image
with previously stredmodels
- determnes best matching

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 Image
Transmission
• Network must accommodate bursty
data transport due to large size of
images
• Requires reliable transport

• Time dependence is not

dominant characteristic of he
image

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Format for
transmission
• Raw image;
- generated by video digitize
- transmitted digitally
- s i z e = resolution* quantization
- 6 4 0 x 4 8 0 with quantization of 8 bits
per pixel requires 307.2MB
• Compressed image
- image is compressed and
transmitted
- compressed formats are JPEG and
MPEG
- size depends upon compression method 52

and rate
Format for
transmission
• Symbolic image:
- represented through symbolic
data
- such a s 2Dgeometric
representation, attributes and
other control information
- image size is equal to structure
size

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