Climate

Change
Overview of Climate Change and
Global Warming Importance of
Addressing Climate Change
By: [Link]
 Climate Change
Climate change refers to long-term
shifts in Earth’s average weather
patterns. It encompasses changes in
temperature, precipitation, wind
patterns, and other climatic factors.
 Global Warming
Do not read the text because it is unknown Lang.
 Global Warming
Global warming refers to the gradual increase in the overall temperature of the
Earth’s atmosphere. This phenomenon is primarily attributed to the greenhouse
effect, caused by elevated levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide,
methane, and nitrous oxides. These gases trap heat, leading to a warming effect
on the planet’s surface and lower atmosphere.

Since the mid-20th century, human activities, particularly those associated with
industrialization, have significantly influenced the pace and extent of global
climate change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), formed
in 1988, has been instrumental in assessing and communicating the impact of
human actions on our climate. Their reports indicate that the global average
surface temperature has increased by approximately 1.07°C (1.9°F) between
1850 and 20191.

Remember that global warming is a long-term trend, distinct from short-term

weather fluctuations. It results from the release of greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere, primarily due to fossil fuel burning and other human activities.
While the term “global warming” specifically refers to temperature rise, the
broader concept of climate change encompasses various interconnected factors
affecting our planet’s environment
 2. Sources: Human activities release GHGs, including carbon dioxide (CO₂),
methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O). These emissions come from
burning fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, and natural gas), industrial
processes, and transportation.
[Link]:
1. Impact: Deforestation involves clearing forests for agriculture, urban
development, or logging. When trees are cut down, they can no longer
absorb CO₂ through photosynthesis.
2. Result: Reduced forest cover leads to higher atmospheric CO₂ levels,
contributing to global warming.
[Link] Activities:
1. Role: Industries emit significant amounts of GHGs during manufacturing,
energy production, and other processes.
2. Examples: Factories, power plants, and cement production release CO₂ and
other pollutants.
[Link] Practices:
1. Methane Emissions: Livestock (especially cattle) produce methane during
digestion (enteric fermentation). Rice paddies and manure management
also emit methane.
2. Nitrous Oxide: Fertilizers and soil management practices release nitrous
oxide, another potent GHG.
 "Every action we take today to
mitigate climate change is an
investment in a sustainable and
livable future for generations to
come."
•Observations: Over the past century, Earth’s average surface temperature has risen
significantly.
•Consequences:
•Heatwaves: More frequent and intense heatwaves affect human health, agriculture, and
ecosystems.
•Glacial Retreat: Glaciers around the world are shrinking, impacting water availability.
•Ocean Warming: Warmer oceans disrupt marine ecosystems and coral reefs.
[Link] Polar Ice Caps:
•Arctic: The Arctic ice cap is thinning, affecting polar bears, seals, and indigenous
communities.
•Antarctica: Ice shelves and glaciers in Antarctica are also melting, contributing to sea level
rise.
[Link] Level Rise:
•Cause: Melting ice and the thermal expansion of seawater.
•Impact:
•Coastal Erosion: Rising sea levels erode coastlines, threatening infrastructure and habitats.
•Inundation: Low-lying areas face increased flooding during storms and high tides.
[Link] Weather Events:
•Frequency: Hurricanes, cyclones, droughts, and floods occur more frequently and with
greater intensity.
•Human Toll: These events lead to loss of life, displacement, and economic damage.
[Link] Temperature Increases:
1. Climate Models: Scientists use climate models to estimate future temperature changes based
on different emission scenarios.
2. Range: By the end of this century, global temperatures are projected to rise between 1.5°C
and 4.5°C (2.7°F to 8.1°F) compared to pre-industrial levels.
3. Implications: These temperature increases can exacerbate extreme weather events, impact
ecosystems, and threaten human health.
[Link] Sea Level Rise:
1. Contributors:
[Link] glaciers and ice sheets.
[Link] expansion of seawater due to warming.
2. Estimates:
[Link] estimates suggest a rise of about 0.3 to 1 meter (1 to 3 feet) by 2100.
[Link] extreme scenarios could lead to higher sea level increases.
3. Impact: Coastal cities, islands, and low-lying regions face inundation and increased
vulnerability.
[Link] on Biodiversity:
1. Habitat Shifts: As temperatures rise, species may shift their ranges to adapt. Some may
struggle to find suitable habitats.
2. Extinction Risk: Climate change poses a significant threat to biodiversity. Vulnerable species,
especially those with limited mobility, face higher extinction risks.
3. Coral Reefs: Warming oceans lead to coral bleaching, affecting marine ecosystems
[Link] Asteroid Impacts:
1. Chicxulub Impact: Approximately 66 million years ago, a massive asteroid struck what is
now the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. This impact led to the extinction of the dinosaurs and
dramatically altered Earth’s climate.
2. Climate Effects: The Chicxulub impact caused widespread wildfires, a “nuclear winter”
effect due to dust and debris blocking sunlight, and significant cooling. These changes
disrupted ecosystems globally.
[Link] Future Asteroid Collisions:
1. While large asteroid impacts are rare, scientists actively monitor near-Earth objects (NEOs) to
assess potential threats.
2. Planetary Defense: Initiatives like NASA’s DART mission aim to test asteroid deflection
techniques to protect our planet from future impacts.
[Link] on Earth’s Climate:
1. Short-Term Effects:
[Link]: An asteroid impact generates intense heat, igniting wildfires across the
impact zone.
[Link] and Debris: The impact ejects dust and debris into the atmosphere, blocking
sunlight and causing cooling.
2. Long-Term Effects:
[Link] Winter: The accumulated dust can lead to a prolonged cooling period, affecting
photosynthesis and ecosystems.
[Link] Disruption: Acid rain from the impact can harm marine life and alter ocean
chemistry.
Role Play
THE NEXT SLIDE IS NOT THERE IN OUR
TOPIC BUT YOU SHOULD KNOW THIS.
It will happen
 LATITUDES THAN THEY COULD SURVIVE TODAY.
NOTABLY, BREADFRUIT TREES, NOW FOUND ON TROPICAL ISLANDS, ONCE GREW AS FAR NORTH AS
GREENLAND. ADDITIONALLY, EARTH HAS EXPERIENCED SEVERAL MAJOR ICE AGES OVER THE PAST
500,0HISTORICAL ASTEROID IMPACTS:
EARTH HAS A LONG HISTORY OF ASTEROID IMPACTS. FOSSILS FROM THE CRETACEOUS PERIOD (144
TO 65 MILLION YEARS AGO) REVEAL THAT OUR PLANET WAS MUCH WARMER THAN IT IS TODAY.
FOSSILIZED PLANTS AND ANIMALS FROM WARM ENVIRONMENTS HAVE BEEN FOUND AT HIGHER
LATITUDES THAN THEY COULD SURVIVE TODAY.
NOTABLY, BREADFRUIT TREES, NOW FOUND ON TROPICAL ISLANDS, ONCE GREW AS FAR NORTH AS
GREENLAND. ADDITIONALLY, EARTH HAS EXPERIENCED SEVERAL MAJOR ICE AGES OVER THE PAST
500,000 YEARS, WITH TEMPERATURE DECREASES LEADING TO ICE SHEET EXPANSION.
POTENTIAL FUTURE ASTEROID COLLISIONS:
SCIENTISTS ACTIVELY MONITOR NEAR-EARTH OBJECTS (NEOS) USING SYSTEMS LIKE NASA’S SENTRY.
THESE SYSTEMS TRACK ASTEROIDS AND COMETS THAT COULD POTENTIALLY IMPACT OUR PLANET.
IN A HYPOTHETICAL SCENARIO, AN ASTEROID IS DETECTED, AND THERE’S A 72% CHANCE IT WILL
DIRECTLY STRIKE EARTH ON JULY 12, 2038. EMERGENCY EXPERTS ARE PLANNING FOR THIS
POTENTIAL IMPACT, CONSIDERING ITS SIZE AND POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES1.
FORTUNATELY, HUMANITY NOW HAS THE TECHNOLOGY TO PREDICT SUCH DISASTERS YEARS IN
ADVANCE AND TAKE ACTION TO PREVENT THEM.
IMPACT ON EARTH’S CLIMATE:
ASTEROID COLLISIONS CAN SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACT EARTH’S CLIMATE. FOR INSTANCE, THE ASTEROID
IMPACT THAT WIPED OUT THE DINOSAURS CAUSED TEMPERATURES TO RISE BY 5°C AND LED TO
DRAMATIC CLIMATE CHANGE.
DURING THE YOUNGER DRYAS PERIOD (12,800 YEARS AGO), AN EXTRATERRESTRIAL COLLISION
TRIGGERED ABRUPT COOLING. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT WILDFIRES CAUSED BY THE IMPACT
BLOCKED SUNLIGHT, RESULTING IN AN “IMPACT WINTER” AND SIGNIFICANT CLIMATE SHIFTS2.
WHILE ASTEROID IMPACTS ARE RARE, THEY CAN HAVE LONG-LASTING EFFECTS ON OUR PLANET’S
CLIMATE. FORTUNATELY, OUR ABILITY TO PREDICT AND PREPARE FOR SUCH EVENTS HAS
 Potential Future Asteroid Collisions:
Scientists actively monitor near-Earth objects (NEOs) using systems like NASA’s Sentry. These systems
track asteroids and comets that could potentially impact our planet.
In a hypothetical scenario, an asteroid is detected, and there’s a 72% chance it will directly strike Earth
on July 12, 2038.
Emergency experts are planning for this potential impact, considering its size and potential consequenc
es
1
.
Fortunately, humanity now has the technology to predict such disasters years in advance and take
action to prevent them.
Impact on Earth’s Climate:
Asteroid collisions can significantly impact Earth’s climate. For instance, the asteroid impact that wiped
out the dinosaurs caused temperatures to rise by 5°C and led to dramatic climate change.
During the Younger Dryas period (12,800 years ago), an extraterrestrial collision triggered abrupt
cooling.
Evidence suggests that wildfires caused by the impact blocked sunlight, resulting in an “impact winter”
and significant climate shifts
2
.
While asteroid impacts are rare, they can have long-lasting effects on our planet’s climate. Fortunately,
our ability to predict and prepare for such events has improved.
 CRATERING: CRATERS LEFT BY THE IMPACT WOULD COLLAPSE INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE
AFFECTED AREA, BUT TRUE DESTRUCTION WOULD REQUIRE A DIRECT HIT ON A MAJOR
CITY OR POPULATED REGION.
AIRBORNE DEBRIS: SIMILAR TO THE CHELYABINSK METEOR IMPACT IN 2013, BROKEN
GLASS AND DEBRIS COULD CAUSE INJURIES AND FATALITIES.
TSUNAMI: IF THE ASTEROID HITS THE OCEAN, GIANT WAVES COULD LEAD TO SIGNIFICANT
LOSSES, ESPECIALLY IN COASTAL REGIONS.
THERMAL RADIATION: RESPONSIBLE FOR 30% OF FATALITIES, THERMAL RADIATION
WOULD ROAST HUMANS OR CAUSE SEVERE BURNS, POTENTIALLY LEADING TO LONG-TERM
HEALTH ISSUES.
OVERPRESSURE SHOCK: THIS EFFECT COULD RUPTURE INTERNAL ORGANS, RESULTING
IN FATALITIES.
WIND BLAST: WIND BLASTS, TIED WITH OVERPRESSURE, COULD DISLOCATE BODIES,
BURN THEM UP, OR BLOW THEM TO BITS. TOGETHER, WIND BLAST AND OVERPRESSURE
ACCOUNT FOR 60% OF TOTAL FATALITIES.
LONG-TERM CLIMATE EFFECTS:
AN ASTEROID IMPACT WOULD CREATE LASTING CHANGES IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND
CLIMATE. VAPORIZED DIRT AND ROCK WOULD FILL THE AIR, BLOCKING SUNLIGHT AND
CAUSING NEAR-PERMANENT DARKNESS AND WINTER-LIKE CONDITIONS—AN “IMPACT
WINTER.”
THE LOSS OF REFLECTIVE ICE AND SNOW IN THE ARCTIC WOULD AMPLIFY THE RATE OF WA
RMING, AFFECTING GLOBAL TEMPERATURES AND ECOSYSTEMS
1
.
IN COMPARISON, CURRENT GLOBAL WARMING DUE TO HUMAN ACTIVITIES IS OCCURRING
MUCH FASTER THAN PAST WARMING EVENTS.
[Link] Greenhouse Gas Emissions:
[Link] away from fossil fuels is crucial. We can achieve this by
promoting electric vehicles, improving public transportation, and
investing in clean energy technologies.
[Link] carbon pricing mechanisms (such as carbon taxes or
cap-and-trade systems) encourages industries to reduce emissions.
[Link] Energy Sources:
[Link], wind, hydro, and geothermal energy are sustainable alternatives
to fossil fuels. Increasing their adoption helps reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.
[Link] in research and development for energy storage solutions is
equally important.
[Link] and Afforestation:
[Link] trees and restoring forests play a vital role in carbon
sequestration. Trees absorb CO₂ during photosynthesis.
[Link] existing forests from deforestation is equally critical.
[Link] Agriculture Practices:
[Link] regenerative agriculture techniques, such as crop rotation,
[Link] Capture and Storage (CCS):
1. CCS technology captures carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from industrial processes or
power plants and stores them underground. It prevents CO₂ from entering the
atmosphere, reducing its impact on global warming.
2. The captured CO₂ can be stored in geological formations, depleted oil and gas
reservoirs, or deep saline aquifers.
[Link]:
1. Geoengineering refers to deliberate large-scale interventions in the Earth’s climate
system. While controversial, it offers potential solutions:
[Link] Radiation Management (SRM): Reflecting sunlight away from Earth by
deploying reflective particles in the upper atmosphere could cool the planet.
However, SRM has risks and ethical concerns.
[Link] Fertilization: Adding nutrients to ocean waters to enhance phytoplankton
growth, which absorbs CO₂. However, this approach requires careful monitoring to
avoid unintended consequences.
[Link] Brightening: Increasing cloud reflectivity by spraying seawater droplets into
low marine clouds. Research is ongoing to assess its feasibility.
[Link] Innovations:
1. Advancements in renewable energy, battery storage, electric vehicles, and smart grids
contribute to reducing emissions.
2. Innovations in sustainable materials, circular economy practices, and efficient urban
planning also play a crucial role.
[Link] Change and Global Warming:
1. Predicted temperature increases: Earth’s average surface temperature could rise by
approximately 1.5°C to 4.5°C by the end of the century due to global warming.
2. Projected sea level rise: By 2100, global sea levels may increase by 0.26 meters (10 inches) to
0.77 meters (30 inches), impacting coastal cities.
3. Impact on biodiversity: Rising temperatures alter habitats, disrupt migration patterns, and
threaten species.
[Link] Collisions and Climate Change:
1. Historical impacts: Earth’s history includes asteroid impacts that influenced climate. For example,
the Chicxulub impact led to dramatic changes.
2. Potential future collisions: Scientists monitor near-Earth objects (NEOs) to predict and prevent
potential impacts.
3. Impact on Earth’s climate: Asteroid collisions can cause abrupt cooling (Younger Dryas) or
warming (dinosaur extinction).
[Link] Scenario: Asteroid Collision in the Future:
1. Immediate effects: Seismic shaking, cratering, airborne debris, tsunamis, thermal radiation,
overpressure shock, and wind blast.
2. Long-term climate effects: An “impact winter” due to vaporized debris blocking sunlight, affecting
global temperatures.
[Link] Strategies:
1. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to renewable energy, reforestation, and
sustainable agriculture practices.
[Link] Solutions:
1. Carbon capture and storage (CCS), geoengineering (e.g., solar radiation management), and
Facts on Iceball Earth:
•Iceball Earth refers to times Facts on Iceball Earth:

•Iceball
Earth refers to times when Earth's surface was nearly or entirely f
rozen2.
•Heat escaping from the molten core prevents the oceans from fre
ezing to the bottom, but ice grows a
kilometer thick in the -50 degree Celsius cold1.
•Snowball Earth hypothesis suggests that Earth's oceans and land
surfaces were covered by ice from the poles to the Equator durin
g at least two extreme cooling events between 2.4 billion and 58
0 million years ago3.
•The ice surface is mostly coated with frost and tiny ice crystals th
at settled out of the cold dry air, which is far below freezing
everywherewhen Earth's surface was nearly or entirely frozen2.
•Heat escaping from the molten core prevents the oceans from fre
SNOWBALL EARTH HYPOTHESIS SUGGESTS T
HAT EARTH'S OCEANS AND LAND SURFACES
WERE COVERED BY ICE FROM THE POLES TO
THE EQUATOR DURING AT LEAST TWO EXTRE
ME COOLING EVENTS BETWEEN 2.4 BILLION
AND 580 MILLION YEARS AGO
3
.
THE ICE SURFACE IS MOSTLY COATED WITH F
ROST AND TINY ICE CRYSTALS THAT SETTLED
OUT OF THE COLD DRY AIR, WHICH IS FAR B
ELOW FREEZING EVERYWHERE
 Q&A
WHICH GREENHOUSE GAS IS PRIMARILY
RESPONSIBLE FOR GLOBAL WARMING?

A) Oxygen (O₂) B) Nitrogen (N₂) C) Carbon dioxide (CO₂) D) Water va

(H₂O)
c

What they called the earth when covered with

glaciers? ICE BALL Earth
What has the scientific community concluded about
climate change?
A. The consensus is that it is both real and man-
made.
B. Scientists have shown it to be real but aren’t sure whether it is
man-made.
C. Scientists do not think climate change is
real.

ANS:A
 What is the greenhouse effect?

A. the measurement of plant growth in areas affected by

flooding.

B. The phenomenon in which gases in the Earth’s

atmosphere prevent heat from escaping into space.

C. When climate change affects ecosystems.

D. The impact trees have on global temperatures.

Ans:B
 True or False

Climate change is heating the

world evenly.
Ans: False
Climate change and extreme weather are linked.

Ans: True
 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GLOBAL
WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE?

Both phrases can have slightly different meanings in different contexts,

but these days, global warming generally refers to the long-term increase
in global average temperature as a result of human activity. Climate
change is a much broader term that covers changes in multiple parts of
the climate system, from temperature to precipitation to wind patterns.
Climate change can be local, regional, or global, and it can have natural
or human causes. Global warming is a type of climate change; however,
not all climate change is global warming
 DOES GLOBAL WARMING MEAN IT’S
WARMING EVERYWHERE?
No, “global warming” means Earth’s annual average air
temperature is rising over long time spans (many
decades to centuries), but not necessarily in every
location and not necessarily in all seasons. It’s like your
grades—if you get Bs and Cs in your first semester and in
the next semester you get all As and Cs, your overall
grade point average rises even though you didn’t
improve in every class. Differences in exposure to
sunlight, cloud cover, atmospheric circulation patterns,
aerosol concentrations, atmospheric humidity, land
surface cover, etc., all vary from place to place which, in
turn, influence whether and how much a location is
 WHAT IS NOAA'S CLIMATE MISSION?

NOAA is an agency that enriches life through science. We provide foundational climate
science, data, and information that Americans want and need. Without NOAA’s climate
monitoring, research, and modeling capabilities we couldn’t quantify where and how climate
conditions have changed, nor could we predict where and how they’re likely to change.
NOAA is helping to improve the nation’s resilience to changes in climate and weather.
Specifically, NOAA is working to…
•reduce vulnerability to extreme weather,
•prepare for drought and water resource challenges,
•protect and preserve coasts and coastal infrastructure,
•identify and manage risks to marine ecosystems and the valuable services they provide,
and,
•help people to understand and evaluate the options they have for mitigating and adapting
to climate-related impacts.
 1) WHAT IS GLOBAL WARMING?

The world is getting hotter, and humans

are responsible.
[Link] 5 solutions of global warming?
[Link] Renewable Energy
[Link] Your Home
[Link] Capture and Storage
[Link] Climate Policies
[Link] and Reforestation
WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF CARBON DIOXI
DE IN THE ATMOSPHERE?

About 90 per cent of the world’s carbon

emissions comes from the burning of fossil fuels,
and most of Australia’s emissions also comes
from energy production, followed by transport,
agriculture, and industrial processes.
THANK YOU