University Institute of Agricultural
sciences
1
[Link]
[Link] Campus:
Campus:Gharuan,
Gharuan,Mohali
Mohali
• PEST OF RICE
• More than 100 insect species are associated with the rice crop at one
stage or the other and 20 of these are pests of major economic
significance.
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Green leafhopper: Nephotettix virescens, N. nigropictus (Cicadellidae:
Hemiptera)
• Distribution and status: India, South Japan to oriental region, west of
south Africa, Phillippines, Formosa, Sri Lanka
• Host range: Rice, millets, grasses
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Damage symptoms
• Both nymphs and adults
• “hopper burn” due to heavy infestation.
• Yellowing of leaves from tip downwards
• vector for rice tungro virus, rice yellow dwarf and transitory yellowing diseases.
• ETL:
• 60 Nos. / 25 sweeping – Nursery
• 10 Nos. / hill - Flowering stage
• 5 Nos. / hill - Vegetative stage
• 2 Nos. / hill - Tungro endemic area
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Life Cycle
• Adults green with black spot and black patch on wings,
• gravid female inserts 200-300 eggs in batches of 8-16 in midrib of leaf blade.
• Egg period 6-7 days,
• Nymphs undergo five instars and become adult in 25 days.
• Adult longevity 20-30 days.
• The population normally increases from August onwards, reaches maximum
• During September - October and declines from November.
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Management
• Use resistant varieties
• Nursery should not be raised near the lamp posts.
• Apply neem cake @ 12.5 kg/800 m2 nursery as basal dose.
• Apply
• carbofuran 3 G @ 3.5 kg or phorate 10 G @ 1.0 kg
• quinalphos 25 EC 80 ml per 800 m2 nursery.
• Imidacloprid 17.8 SL 100 -125 ml
• Buprofezin 25 SC 800 ml
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Brown plant hopper: Nilaparvata lugens (Delphacidae: Hemiptera)
• Distribution and status
• Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, West Bengal, Maharashtra,
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab in India, South East Asia,
China, Japan, Korea
• Host range: Rice, sugarcane, grasses
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Damage symptoms
• Nymphs and adults congregate at the base of the plant.
• The affected plant dries up and gives a scorched appearance called
“hopper burn”.
• Circular patches of drying and lodging of matured plants are typical
symptoms caused by this pest.
• It is the vector of grassy stunt, ragged stunt and wilted stunt
diseases.
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• ETL: 8-10 Nos./hill or 20 Nos./hill when spider is present at 1 No./hill
• Life Cycle
• Adult measures about 4 - 4.5 mm in length capable of flying a long distance
drifting with the wind.
• Adults are of two forms viz., macropterous (long winged) and
brachypterous (short winged).
• The female makes an incision in the leaf sheath
• 200-300 small eggs,
• egg period -6 days;
• nymphal period - 15 days and adult longevity 18-20 days
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Management
• Use resistant varieties
• Avoid close planting and provide 30 cm rogue spacing at every 2.5 m
to reduce the pest incidence.
• Avoid use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizers.
• Control irrigation by intermittent draining.
• Set up light traps to monitor and control pest population
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Avoid synthetic pyrethroids, methyl parathion, fenthion and
quinalphos
• Imidacloprid 70 WG 30-35 g or 30.5 m/m SC 60-75 ml or 17.8 SL 100-
125 ml
• Chlorpyriphos 25 EC 1250 ml
• Acephate 75 SP 700 g
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• White backed plant hopper: Sogatella furcifera (Delphacidae:
Hemiptera)
• Distribution and status: India, Burma, Sri Lanka, China, Pakistan,
Japan, Indonesia, Korea
• Host range: Rice, maize, millets, sugarcane, grasses
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Damage symptoms
• “hopper burn” leading to yield loss.
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Life Cycle
• In white nymphs, vertex characteristically gives a narrow face to the hoppers.
• Forewings hyaline with dark veins and a dark spot in the middle of posterior
edge. Pronotum pale yellow and adults possess a diamond like marking on
the thorax. The
• Female lays upto 758 eggs in as many as 112 egg masses with 1-24 eggs in
each in leaf sheath and in the mid rib of leaves.
• The ovipositional site characterized by black streaks. Egg period 6-7 days;
nymphal period 1217 days with five instars. The feamle longevity about 2
months
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Yellow stem borer: Scirpophaga incertulas (Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera)
• Distribution and Status: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia,
China, India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia.
• Host range: Rice
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Damage symptoms
• Larva feeds on the stem and causes
drying of the central shoot known as
“dead heart” in the young seedlings, and
drying of the panicle in grown up plant
called “white ear”.
• Damage ranges from 30-80%.
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• ETL 2 egg masses/ m2 10% dead hearts - Vegetative stage 2% white ear -
Flowering stage
• Life Cycle
• Female moth has bright yellowish brown fore wings with a black spot
• a tuft of yellow anal hairs while male is smaller with pale yellow forewings without
black spot.
• Female lays 170-200 eggs in a mass of 15-20 on the upper surface of leaf tips
covered with hairs
• The egg period 6-9 days;
• Larval period 20-45 days,
• pupation in white silken cocoon. Pupa dark brown in color, pupal period is 6-10
days
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Management
• Grow resistant varieties
• Clip the seedling tips before transplanting
• Avoid close planting and continuous water stagnation at early stages.
• Collect and destroy the dead hearts and white ears.
• Set up light traps to attract and kill the moths.
• Install sex pheromone traps to monitor and mass trap.
• Release the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma japonicum twice on 30 and 37 DAT
@ 5 cc/ha/release.
• Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki and neem seed kernel extract in the
combination of 2.5 g/L and 1% to reduce the oviposition by the stem borer.
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Apply carbofuran 3 G @ 25 kg or benfuracarb 3 G 33 kg or or
chlorantraniliprole 0.4 G 10 kg or fipronil 0.3 G 17-25 kg or cartap
hydrochloride 4 G 18.75 kg or spray acephate 75 SP 666-1000 g cartap
hydrochloride 50 SP 1 kg or monocrotophos 36 SL 1.0 L or quinalphos 25
EC 1.0 L or azadirachtin 0.15 W/W 1.5-2.5 L or azadirachtin 5 % 400 ml or
carbosulfan 25 EC 800-1000 ml or chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 150 ml or
ethofenoprox 10 EC 500-750 ml or fipronil 5 SC 1-1.5 L or fipronil 80 WG
50-62.5 g or flubendiamide 20 WG 125 g or flubendiamide 39.35 M/M SC
50 ml or lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC 500 ml/ 5 EC 250 ml or phosphamidon
40 SL 1.25 L or thiacloprid 21.7 SC 500 ml or thiamethoxam 25 WG 100 g
per ha using water @ 500 L/ha 10. Harvest the crop up to the ground
level and disturb the stubbles with plough immediately after the harvest
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Gall midge: Orseolia oryzae (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera)
• Distribution and Status: India, Burma, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, China,
Indonesia, Nigeria, Sudan, Vietnam and Pakistan.
• Host range Rice, wild species of Oryza and grasses like Paspalum
scrobiculatum, Panicum spp., Cyanodan dactylon and Eleucine indica
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Damage symptoms
• The maggot feeds at the base of the growing shoot causing formation of a
tube like gall similar to “onion needle” or “silver-shoot”. Infested tillers
produce no panicles.
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• ETL: 10% silver shoots
• Life Cycle:
• Orange coloured mosquito like fly
• Active during night
• 100-300 reddish, elongate, tubular eggs just near the ligule of the leaf blade.
• Egg period 3-4 days,
• larval period 8-10 days.
• Maggot pupates at the base of the gall and moves to tip of the gall and
projects outside during emergence.
• Life cycle lasts for 15-20 days.
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Management
• Encourage early planting
• Use resistant varieties
• Plough immediately after crop harvest.
• Remove the alternate host.
• Apply fertilizers in balanced manner.
• Set up light trap @ 1 / ha as a monitoring device.
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Infra red light trap attracts gall midge effectively.
• Release larval parasitoid, Platygaster oryzae through parasitized galls @ 1 per
10 m2 in the main field at 10 days after transplanting (DAT).
• Apply carbofuran 3G @ 25 kg or fipronil 0.3 G 16.7 - 25.0 kg or quinalphos 25
EC 1.0 L or fipronil 5 SC 1.0 -1.5 kg or lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC 500 ml / 5 EC
250 ml or thiamethoxam 25 WG 100 g in 500 L water/ha
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Leaf folder (or) leaf roller: Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Pyralidae:
Lepidoptera)
• Distribution and status India, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Madagascar,
New Guinea, Pakistan, Bangladesh, South East Asia, Korea.
• Host range: Grasses
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Damage symptoms
• The caterpillar folds the leaves longitudinally and remains inside.
• It scrapes the green tissues of the leaves and makes them white and
dry.
• During severe infestation the whole field exhibits scorched
appearance.
• ETL
• 10% damaged leaves in vegetative stage
• 5% damaged leaves (flag leaf) in flowering stage
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Life Cycle:
• Diurnal
• The moth is brownish with many dark wavy lines in centre and dark band on
margin of wings.
• Lays eggs in batches of 10-12, arranged in linear row in the lower surface of
leaves.
• Egg period is 4-7 days.
• The larval period is 15-20 days.
• It pupates inside the leaf fold. The pupal period is 6-8 days.
• Total life cycle: 25-35 days
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Management
• Use resistant varieties
• Clipping
• Remove grassy weeds.
• Avoid use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizer.
• Set up light traps to attract and kill the moths.
• NSKE 5% 25 kg , Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 1.25 L, Fipronil 80 WG 50 - 62.5 g,
Azadirachtin 5% 400 ml, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 150 ml or 0.4 G 10 kg
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Spiny beetle / Rice hispa: Dicladispa armigera (Chrysomelidae:
Coleoptera)
• Distribution and status Bangladesh, Burma, Southern China, India,
West Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sumatra, Thailand, West Iran.
• Host range: Rice
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Damage symptoms
• Adults feed on chlorophyll by scraping and cause white parallel streaks (or)
white patches along the long axis of leaf. Grubs mine into the leaves and
make blister near leaf tips.
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Bionomics
• Adult is blue - black shiny beetle with spines on the thorax and elytra.
• It lays eggs singly on the leaf tip.
• Grub is minute, flat and yellow.
• It mines between the epidermal layers of leaf and pupates in leaf mines.
• Egg period: 4-5 days;
• Larval period: 7-12 days;
• Pupal period: 3-5 days. There are six generations / year.
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Management
• The leaf tips containing blotch mines should be plucked and destroyed.
• Manual collection and killing of beetles with hand nets may help in reducing
the population of the pest.
• Lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC 500 ml / EC 250 ml in 500 L water/ha.
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Grasshopper: Hieroglyphus banian (Acrididae: Orthoptera)
• Damage symptoms
• The nymphs and adults.
• They completely defoliate the plants leaving only the mid ribs and the plant
growth is affected.
• Adults are green, larger with transverse black lines on pronotum.
• It lays eggs in soil at a depth of 5 cm.
• Nymphal period is from 2.5 - 3.5 months
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
• Management
• Expose the eggs to be picked up by birds after ploughing and trimming the
bunds
• Egg parasitoids Cacallus spp., Barycomus spp. and Seelio spp., should be
encouraged.
• Malathion 5 D 20 kg/ha or Spray dichlorvos 76 EC 500 ml/ha (or) malathion
50 EC 2.5 lit/ha
[Link] Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
Thanks
Queries are welcome
40
[Link]
[Link] Campus:
Campus:Gharuan,
Gharuan,Mohali
Mohali
