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Doppler Principles

The document discusses Doppler shift, which is the difference between transmitted and received frequencies, and outlines two types of Doppler ultrasound: Continuous Wave (CW) and Pulsed Wave Doppler. CW Doppler is simple and inexpensive but lacks directional flow information, while Pulsed Wave Doppler allows for precise depth and direction detection but is limited by the Nyquist limit and aliasing. The document also covers methods to mitigate aliasing and introduces energy mode, which displays amplitude but not direction or aliasing.

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Utkarsh Y
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17 views82 pages

Doppler Principles

The document discusses Doppler shift, which is the difference between transmitted and received frequencies, and outlines two types of Doppler ultrasound: Continuous Wave (CW) and Pulsed Wave Doppler. CW Doppler is simple and inexpensive but lacks directional flow information, while Pulsed Wave Doppler allows for precise depth and direction detection but is limited by the Nyquist limit and aliasing. The document also covers methods to mitigate aliasing and introduces energy mode, which displays amplitude but not direction or aliasing.

Uploaded by

Utkarsh Y
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Waves from stationary and moving

sources

Stationary Moving
Doppler shift

 Doppler shift is the


difference between the
transmitted and received
frequencies.
 Transmitted and received
frequencies are in the MHz
range
 Doppler shift frequencies
often in audible range
Continuous Wave (CW)
Doppler
 Ultrasound transmitted continuously
rather than in pulses
 Some units have two-element
transducers one transmitting and the
other receiving
 Arrays are sometimes used with CW;
different groups transmit and receive.
Advantages of CW
Doppler

 Instruments can be made extremely


simple, inexpensive
 Useful when you do not have good
information (such as a B-mode image) to
help pinpoint vessel of interest
 DOES NOT ALIAS
Disadvantages of CW
Doppler
 No information about direction of flow

 Only detects magnitude of doppler


frequency.
Pulsed wave doppler
 Pulsed-wave Doppler consists of
intermittent (pulsed) bursts of ultrasound
at a frequency called the pulse repetition
frequency (PRF).
 A single ultrasound crystal sends and
receives sound beams.
 These intermittent pulsed bursts of
ultrasound are reflected off the moving
red blood cells and received at intervals
between the transmitted pulses
 Signals returning from different depths
are received at different times
 Discrimination of signal from different
depth
Advantages of Pulsed
Doppler

 Precise depth at which flow is detected


can be specified
 Precise location of selected vessel of
interest amidst adjacent vessels.
 Direction of flow
PRF(Pulse repetition
frequency)

 Maximum PRF depends on depth of sample


volume .PRF varies inversely with the depth
of the sample volume.
When sample volume is shallow, PRF can
be higher
When it is deep, PRF must be lower
 Thus, for a given ultrasound frequency, a
higher velocity can be detected at shallower
depths than at deeper depths.
Nyquist Limit
 The “Nyquist limit” is equal to one half the PRF
(Nyquist limit = PRF/2)
 If the frequency shift is higher than Nyquist
frequency, aliasing occurs
 As PRF varies inversely with the depth of the
sample volume, to increase the velocities that
can be measured with PW Doppler without
aliasing, the sample volume should be placed
closer to the transducer.
Sample Volume (SV)
Aliasing
 Aliasing is produced when PRF is less
than twice the doppler signal frequency.
 Limitation on the maximum doppler
frequency that can be detected from a
given depth.
 To sample a given volume sampling
frequency (PRF) is used.
 In deeper tissue sampling, the
maximum PRF available is limited.
If the Doppler frequency exceeds ½ the PRF,
aliasing occurs

Aliasing produces false frequencies, reversal, etc.


To get rid of aliasing:

 Increase the
velocity scale
 Change the
baseline
 Use a lower
ultrasound
frequency
transducer
Energy Mode (Power mode)

 Does not display


Doppler shift
frequency
 Displays amplitude,
intensity or energy
in the Doppler
signal
Direction( Colour vs Power
Doppler)

Energy mode does not display direction.


Aliasing not displayed in energy mode.
Aliasing( Colour vs Power
Doppler)

Energy mode does not display aliasing.


COLOUR MAP
INVERSION OF COLOUR FLOW
INVERSION OF SPCTRAL FLOW

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