FUNDAMENTALS OF DATA
NETWORKING
Chenchala Yuva Teja
319126511079
INFOSYS SPRINGBOARD
(37HRS)
CONTENTS:
⮚ INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKS
⮚ NETWORKING MODELS
⮚ CABLES
⮚ NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
⮚ IP ADDRESSING
⮚ PROTOCOLS AND UTILITIES
⮚ INTRODUCTION TO ROUTER
⮚ ROUTER BASICS
⮚ CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKS:
Network is a collection of various devices and end user systems connected with each other to achieve the purpose
of communication. Networking has changed the way we do business and day to day activities. With the help of
Networking, we can get the information instantaneously through email, telephone, fax etc.
Networking enables us to exchange data like text, audio and video across geographies. Let us move ahead in
understanding the various components of Network.
Components of a Network:
The major components of a Network are End user devices, Switch, Router and Interconnections. A typical network
looks as below.
NETWORK MODELS:
OSI stands for Open System Interconnection. OSI means that every system participating in this model, is open
for communicating with other systems. OSI reference model is developed by an organization called ISO
(International Organization for Standardization) which works on the standardization of protocols. OSI Model is
an ideal model that helps us in understanding how data transfer happens between systems.
How the OSI Model look like?
•OSI model has been divided in seven separate layers
•Layer is a logical group of related functionalities
•Each layer has its own functionality and provides support to other layers
•All layers work together to move data through a network
TCP/IP MODEL:
CABLES:
We have already learnt that the various devices in network can be computer, switch, router etc., now we shall
see how to interconnect them. In order for the communication to take place, cables play important role. Cable
is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to another. There are
several types of cable which are commonly used with LANs. The type of cable chosen for a network is
related to the network's topology, protocol, and size.
Types of Cables
There are various types of cables used in networks as follows.
•Twisted Pair Cable
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
• Straight Through Cable
• Cross Over Cable
• Roll Over Cable
•Coaxial Cable
•Fiber Optic Cable
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES:
Having learnt about cables and devices, we need to understand the requirement to design the Networks. The
components of a Network are connected with each other based on certain requirements like cost, area, efficiency,
reliability, etc. The way of connecting the components is termed as topology, in other words topology defines the
structure of the network.
Arrangement of various devices to design a Network is referred as Topology.
Types of Network Topology
Various types of network topologies are as follows.
IP ADDRESSING:
IP Addresses are of two versions based on number of bits.
IPv4
•Total length is 32 bits (sequence of 0s and 1s)
•Binary format of same IPv4 address: 11000000.10101000.00000001.00001000
Note: Each 8-bit octet can be represented in decimal format called dotted decimal notation which is easy
to remember. Value in each octet ranges from 0 – 255
•Decimal Format of IPv4 address: 192.168.1.8
•It can support up to 2^32 devices
•Sample IPv4 address: 192.168.1.8
Note: An IPv4 address contains 32 bits, it can be represented in X.X.X.X format, where X represents
octet (byte) in decimal format. Since the number of devices on the internet is increasing drastically (which
cannot be dealt by IPv4), world is gradually adopting the IPv6 system.
IPv6
•Total length is 128 bits
•It can support up to 2^128 devices
•Sample IPv6 address: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
IPv4 addresses are classified into 5 classes, they are class A, B, C, D and E.
•Class A is used for very large networks (Range: 1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255)
•Class B is used for medium size networks (Range: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255)
•Class C is s used for small to middle size networks (Range: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255)
•Class D is intended for multicast messages (Range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255)
•Class E is used for research and testing purpose (Range: 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.255)
IPV6:
•Length of an IPv6 address is 128 bits
•IPv6 can support 2^128 = 340282366920938463463374607431768211456
IPv6 Address Format
•Format is X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X (where X is a 16 bits hexadecimal field)
• Example: 2001:0DC8:010A:0001:0000:0000:0000:0ACD
•Leading zeros in a field are optional or can be dropped
• Example: 2001:DC8:10A:1:0:0:0:ACD
•Successive fields of 0 are represented as '::' but only once in an address
• Example: 2001:DC8:10A:1::ACD
PROTOCOLS:
Features of TCP:
•TCP is a connection-oriented protocol
•TCP incurs an additional overhead to gain functions of order delivery, reliable delivery, and flow control.
•Each and every TCP segment will have 20 bytes of overhead in the header encapsulating the Application layer
data, whereas on the other hand, each UDP segment has 8 bytes of overhead.
•Applications that use TCP: Web Browsers, E-mail, File Transfers etc.
TCP HEADER FORMAT:
UDP:
Features of UDP:
•UDP is a connection-less protocol
•UDP does not assure for reliable delivery and it performs the best effort delivery
•UDP does not gets acknowledgement for the data delivery
•UDP does not involves in any handshake process and flow control like TCP
•Size of UDP header is only 8 bytes, compare to TCP header size it is low in size
•Applications that use UDP: Domain Name System, Voice over IP and Trivial File Transfer Protocol
UDP HEADER FORMAT:
NETWORK UTILITIES:
Following are the important Network utilities which are used to identify and troubleshoot network issues.
⮚ ipconfig
•It displays IP address and subnet mask details
•Displays current TCP/IP network configuration values
•Also refreshes DHCP and DNS settings
⮚ tracert (trace route)
•Diagnostic tool for displaying the route taken by packets
•Helps in measuring transit delays of packets
⮚ ping (Packet Internet Groper)
•Used to test the host’s reachability
•Results of the test are shown in the form of a statistical summary of packets received, along with the
minimum, maximum, and round-trip times
⮚ netstat [-a]
•Prints the Network Statistics like network connections (both incoming and outgoing), routing tables etc.,
•Used for finding problems in the network
•Amount of traffic in the network is also determined
⮚ arp (Address Resolution Protocol)
•For displaying and modifying address resolution
ROUTER:
Router needs to connect multiple LANs together and enable communication between them.
To Connect multiple LANs together:
•Connect the LANs using router
•Configure the required IP addresses for the router
A Router:
•maintains database of destination network (network IP address) information, known as routing table. Using
this, router forwards the received packet to the specific destination
•chooses the best path to forward the packets to the destination (when multiple paths are present for the
destination)
•has many full duplex ports which allow multiple networks to communicate with each other simultaneously
•being a high-speed device, supports various port speeds like 10, 100, 1000 Mbps
FUNCTIONS OF A ROUTER:
The Router has following key functionalities:
⮚ Packet Switching
⮚ Establishing inter-network communication
⮚ Packet Filtering
⮚ Path Selection
PACKET SWITCHING: ESTABLISHING INTER-NETWORK COMMUNICATION:
PACKET FILTERING: PATH SELECTION:
CONCLUSION:
In this course 'Network Fundamentals', you have learnt
⮚ Network components and its functions
⮚ Basic operation of the protocols in the OSI & TCP/IP models
⮚ Cabling requirements & types of network topology
⮚ IPv4 addressing scheme using subnetting
⮚ Network utilities to perform basic troubleshooting
⮚ Components of router and their operations using command line interface modes
THANK YOU
