WATER

SUPPLY &
SANITATION
CLASS 4
Materials of construction of sewerage network
Brick
Used particularly for
large diameter sewers
○ Advantage:
■ Can be
constructed to
any required
shape and size
○ Disadvantage:
■ higher cost
■ Slow work
progress
■ Larger space
requirement
Materials of construction of sewerage network
Concrete
● Advantages
○ Relative ease with
which required
strength may be
provided
○ Wide range of pipe
sizes
○ Rapid trench backfill
● Disadvantages
○ crown corrosion by
sulphide gas
○ mid depth water line
corrosion by sulphate
○ outside deterioration
by sulphate from soil
water
Materials of construction of sewerage network

o Two types
Precast concrete
I. Non-pressure pipes

II. Pressure pipes

o Non-pressure pipes:
● used for gravity flow (sewers running partially full)
● Plain (I.D. 80mm-450mm; thickness: 25mm-35mm) (NP1)
● Reinforced (I.D. 80mm-2600mm; thickness: 25mm-215mm)
● (NP2, NP3 & NP4)

o Pressure pipes
● Used for force mains, submerged outfalls, inverted siphons and for gravity
sewers where absolute water-tight joints are required.
● Reinforced (I.D. 80mm-1200mm; thickness: 25mm-120mm)
● Length : 2-3m
● These pipes have plain ends or spigot and socket ends.
Materials of construction of sewerage network
Cast-in-situ Reinforced Concrete
● Constructed where they are more economical
● when non-standard sections are required
● when a special shape is required
● when the headroom and working space are limited.
Materials of construction of sewerage network
Stoneware or Vitrified Clay
● normally available in lengths of 90 cm
● Classes
■ AA: 100% hydraulic testing of
pipes to be carried out in
manufacturing stage
■ A: 5% of the pipes to be tested by
following IS 651
● Resistant to most acids and to erosion due
to grit and high velocities
● A minimum crushing strength of 1,600 kg/m
is adopted for all sizes
● Special bedding or concrete cradling
required to improve field supportive
Strength
Materials of construction of sewerage network
Asbestos Cement
● usually used in sizes ranging from 80 mm to 1000 mm in diameter
● Advantages
○ Non corrosiveness to most natural soil conditions,
○ free from electrolytic corrosion,
○ good flow characteristics,
○ ease in cutting, drilling, threading and fitting with specials,
○ allowance of greater deflection up to 12 degrees with mechanical joints,
○ ease of handling,
○ tight joints and quick laying and backfilling are to be considered
● Disadvantages
○ subject to corrosion by acids, highly septic sewage and by highly acidic
○ or high sulphate soils
○ Cannot stand high superimposed loads and may be broken easily
Materials of construction of sewerage network
Cast Iron
● Available in diameters from 80 mm to 1050 mm and are covered with protective
coatings
● supplied in 3.66 m and 5.5 m lengths
● A variety of joints are available including socket, spigot, and flanged joints.
● Classified as LA, A and B according to their thickness. Class LA pipes have been taken as
the basis for evolving the series of pipes.
● Application: Cast iron pipes with a variety of jointing methods are used for pressure
sewers, sewers above ground surface, submerged outfalls, piping in sewage treatment
plants and occasionally on gravity sewers where absolutely water-tight joints are
essential or where special considerations require their use.
● Disadvantage:
○ corrosion by acids or highly septic sewage and acidic soils
○ Inside coating shall be by Cement mortar and outer coating shall be coal
tar
Materials of construction of sewerage network
Steel
● Pressure sewer mains, underwater river crossings, bridge crossings, necessary
connections for pumping stations, self-supporting spans, railway crossing and penstocks
are some of the situations where steel pipes are preferred
● Advantages:
○ Withstand internal pressure, impact load and vibrations much
better
○ than CI pipe.
○ More ductile and withstand water hammer better.
● Disadvantage
○ cannot withstand high external load
○ main is likely to collapse when it is subjected to negative pressure
○ susceptible to various types of corrosion
● Steel pipes shall conform to IS 3589.
● Electrically welded steel pipes of 200 mm to 2,000 mm diameter should conform to IS
5822.
Materials of construction of sewerage network
Non-Metallic Non-Concrete Synthetic Material Pipes
UPVC Pipe (unplasticized polyvinyl chloride )
● Advantages
○ resistance to corrosion,
○ light weight for transportation,
○ toughness,
○ rigidity,
○ Economical in laying, jointing, and maintenance
○ easy to fabricate
● IS 15328 deals with non-pressure unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for use in
underground sewerage system.
● IS 9271 deals with the unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (UPVC) single wall corrugated
pipes for drainage.
Materials of construction of sewerage network
Non-Metallic Non-Concrete Synthetic Material Pipes
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipes
● Advantages
○ Offer smooth interior surfaces
○ relatively higher resistance to corrosion
○ they are available in solid wall
○ When laid in straight gradients without humps or depressions, they can
○ easily offer longer life cycle
● Joints are usually fusion welded or flanged joints depending on straight runs or
fittings
 WATER
SUPPLY &
SANITATION
CLASS 5
SEWAGE TREATMENT
● It is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage,
both runoff (effluents) and domestic.
● It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical
and biological contaminants.
● Its objective is to produce an environmentally-safe fluid waste stream (or treated
effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as
farm fertilizer).
● Using advanced technology it is now possible to reuse sewage effluent for drinking
water,
SEWAGE TREATMENT
Process overview

Sewage treatment generally involves three stages, called

I. primary,

II. secondary and

III. Tertiary treatment.

I. Primary treatment
● Consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin where heavy solids can
settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface.
● The settled and floating materials are removed and the remaining liquid may be
discharged or subjected to secondary treatment.
SEWAGE TREATMENT
II. Secondary treatment
● Removes dissolved and suspended biological matter.
● Secondary treatment is typically performed by indigenous, water-borne microorganisms
in a managed habitat.
● Secondary treatment may require a separation process to remove the microorganisms
from the treated water prior to discharge or tertiary treatment.

III. Tertiary treatment

● It is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and secondary treatment in
order to allow rejection into a highly sensitive or fragile ecosystem (estuaries, low-flow
rivers, coral reefs,...).
● Treated water is sometimes disinfected chemically or physically (for example,by lagoons
and microfiltration) prior to discharge into a stream, river, bay,lagoon or wetland, or it
can be used for the irrigation of a golf course, green way or park.
● If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural
purposes.
Process Flow
Diagram for a
typical treatment
plant via
Subsurface Flow
Constructed
Wetlands (SFCW)
Biological Treatment Process
Sludge treatment

The sludge accumulated in a wastewater treatment process must be treated and

disposed of in a safe and effective manner.

The purpose of digestion is to reduce the amount of organic matter and the number of

disease-causing microorganisms present in the solids.

The most common treatment options include

o Anaerobic digestion

o Aerobic digestion, and

o Composting.
Anaerobic digestion
● Anaerobic digestion is a bacterial process that is carried out in the absence of oxygen.
● The process can either be thermophilic digestion, in which sludge is fermented in tanks
at a temperature of 55°C, or mesophilic, at a temperature of around 36°C.
● Though allowing shorter retention time (and thus smaller tanks), thermophilic
digestion is more expensive in terms of energy consumption for heating the sludge.
● Anaerobic digestion is the most common (mesophilic) treatment of domestic sewage in
septic tanks, which normally retain the sewage from one day to two days, reducing the
BOD by about 35 to 40 percent.
● This reduction can be increased with a combination of anaerobic and aerobic
treatment by installing Aerobic Treatment Units (ATUs) in the septic tank.
● One major feature of anaerobic digestion is the production of biogas (with the most
useful component being methane), which can be used in generators for electricity
production and/or in boilers for heating purposes.
Aerobic digestion
● Since anaerobic treatment is preferred when the dissolved organic concentrations of
untreated wastewater are high, aerobic treatment is often used as a secondary treatment
process and follows an anaerobic stage.
● Aerobic digestion is a bacterial process occurring in the presence of oxygen.
● Under aerobic conditions, bacteria rapidly consume organic matter and convert it into
carbon dioxide.
● The operating costs used to be characteristically much greater for aerobic digestion
because of the energy used by the blowers, pumps and motors needed to add oxygen to
the process.
● Aerobic digestion can also be achieved by using diffuser systems or jet aerators to oxidize
the sludge.
● Aerobic treatment consists of activated sludge processes or oxidation lagoons. The size of
these can be reduced and tolerance against fluctuations and toxics increased by adding a
step with moving bed bioreactors (MBBR) prior to the active sludge treatment.
Stormwater
Managemen
t
CLASS 6
WHAT IS STORMWATER?
Storm water is
rainwater and melted
snow that runs off
Streets, lawns and other
sites. When storm water
is absorbed into the
ground, it is filtered and
ultimately. replenishes
aquifers or flows into
streams and rivers.
WHY DO WE NEED TO MANAGE STORMWATER

To avoid:
● Downstream flooding
● Stream bank erosion
● Increased Turbidity from
erosion.
● Habitat destruction
● Combined sewer
overflows
● Infrastructure damage
● Contaminated
streams,rivers and
coastal water.
ADVANTAGES
● Provides proper drainage of surface runoff and avoids camages on
infrastructure such as private properties and sves
● Provides possibility to recharge groundwater and re-use precipitation water and
surface run-off as irrigation or household water
● Minimizing health risks.
● Provides effective stormwater flood control
● Can be integrated into the urban landscape and provide green and recreational
landscape
● Reverse generated by a stormwater utility can be used as a new, dedicated
source of funds to supplement or replace the community's current stormwater
management funding, enabling tax-based funding to be used for other
community needs.
DISADVANTAGES
● Expert planning, implementation, operation and maintenance
required for a storm water management.
● It depends on the technique, a lot of operation amt labour required.
● There is risk of clogging infiltration system caused by high
sedimentation rates.
● Temporary covering methods, such as plastic sheeting, can become
tam or ripped, exposing the contaminant to precipitation and/or storm
water runoff.
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