PARTICIPATORY PLANNING AND
IMPLEMENTATION
LESSON 3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the chapter, the student will be able to:
[Link] the importance of participatory planning
and implementation;
[Link] the diff erent concepts of participatory planning,
and
[Link] the steps in participatory planning.
PLANNING
Planning means to direct and guide
the people who are involved in a
certain project.
1. Social planning includes the areas of health, education,
housing, and social welfare. Its aim is to improve the quality
of life and the standard of living of a particular minority group
in a community, e.g.. the poor, women, children, disabled,
and indigenous people.
2. Assessment means to gauge the impact of a
community project on the social development of a
community.
PLANNING
PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
-It the process of laying out the course of actions needed to
attain a set of socio-economic goals.
-It resolves community issues or problems by giving
concerned community members the chance to identify
problems and propose solutions.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF
PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
In the 1970s, professional development workers became;
aware of the mismatch between the reality they constructed and
the reality others experienced;
dissatisfi ed with the short rural visits of development
technocrats only to drop by the offi ces of, or talk to, local male
leaders; and
disillusioned with questionnaire surveys and their results.
They also acknowledged that people from the
provinces themselves knew more about their
situations and communities as compared to those
from the cities (Chamber, 1997). Thus, these
workers developed new methods and approaches in
social planning as an alternative to centralized,
top-down planning.
PRINCIPLES OF
PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
1. Development should be seen more as a change from the
bottom-up than from the top-down.
2. The development process should be managed naturally rather
than mechanically, i.e., unduly focused on plans, goals,
objectives, targets, and schedules. This implies that the
aforementioned variables may say change and that, therefore,
they should be made fl exible.
3. The development process should also strengthen local
organizations and local government bureaucracies. A community
program should be chosen according to its ability to enhance local
development. It should start with a few schemes to solve
immediate local problems, build confi dence, and earn
experience.
4. The development process should be supported by local
institutions with the villages, primary cooperatives, religious and
youth groups, and community-based and self-help associations
playing a major role
5. The development process must be based primarily
on confi dence-building and learning rather than on
expertise and training.
It is more important for the people who will make decisions
at the local level to have the full trust of the people they
represent rather than to be trained experts. This implies that
the technical staff of central government departments should
work in tandem with local interest groups rather than just sit
idly by and dismiss the plans prepared by the latter.
LEVELS OF PARTICIPATION
TYPOLOGY RESULTS
People are told of what will happen or
1. PASSIVE
is taking place.
People answer a survey team's
2. INFORMATION-BASED
questionnaire (no follow-up).
People answer a questionnaire
3. CONSULTATION-BASED defi ned or designed by "outsiders,"
i.e., non-community members.
People work for cash, food, or other
4. INCENTIVES-BASED
incentives.
5. FUNCTIONAL Decisions by "outsiders" and interest
PARTICIPATION groups are synthesized to meet objectives.
Joint analyses, decisions, and action plans
6. INTERACTIVE are made, Implemented, and monitored by
interest groups.
Initiatives are taken independently from
7. SELF-MOBILIZATION
offi cial institutions.
PROJECT
-A project is described in the Webster's Dictionary as a planned
undertaking.
-The initial step is to identify the specifi c acts that must be taken
to meet a set of objectives. The next is to lay down the project as
refl ected in the acts to be taken.
COMMON ELEMENTS OF A
PROJECT
1. Objectives
- This element describes what the project aims to do and what the
project is for.
2. Boundaries
- This element specifi es the scope and limitations of the project.
3. Location
- This element identifi es where the project will be implemented.
4. Target Benefi ciaries
- This element states who will benefi t from the implementation of the
project.
5. Duration
- This elements determines the schedule of the project, i.e.,
when the project will be implemented and when it will end.
6. Budget
- This element itemizes the expected expenses that the
project will incur upon its implementation.
7. Methodology
- This element indicates the approach or manner by which the
project will be implemented.
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
CYCLE
Projects may vary according to their objectives,
boundaries, locations, target benefi ciaries,
duration, and methodology. However, all projects
undergo a process called the project development
cycle consisting of these stages:
IDENTIFICATIO PREPARATION
EVALUATION IMPLEMENTAIO
N
[Link]
In this stage, a potential project design is organized after
adequate consultations with the diff erent stakeholders of
the community.
2. PREPARATION
In this stage, the planners determine how and when a
chosen project will be implemented.
3. IMPLEMENTATION
In this stage, the project is carried out by the planners
and the local community members based on an agreed-
upon timetable.
4. EVALUATION
In this stage, the planners and the community members
determine whether or not the project objectives have
been met.
THANK YOU
