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Understanding Logic and Reasoning

The document discusses mathematical logic, focusing on valid reasoning and the structure of arguments, including propositions, negation, and types of reasoning. It explains deductive reasoning, which moves from general premises to specific conclusions, and inductive reasoning, which makes general conclusions from specific premises. The validity of an argument is emphasized, with examples illustrating valid and invalid arguments.

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Yna Ortega
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30 views14 pages

Understanding Logic and Reasoning

The document discusses mathematical logic, focusing on valid reasoning and the structure of arguments, including propositions, negation, and types of reasoning. It explains deductive reasoning, which moves from general premises to specific conclusions, and inductive reasoning, which makes general conclusions from specific premises. The validity of an argument is emphasized, with examples illustrating valid and invalid arguments.

Uploaded by

Yna Ortega
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

LOGIC AND

REASONING
Yna B. Ortega
Source: DMS GEC104 LECTURE NOTES
Logic and Reasoning

MATHEMATICAL LOGIC

 study of valid reasoning

 deals with the methods of reasoning; provides rules and


techniques to determine whether an argument is valid

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Logic and Reasoning

Proposition (Statement)

 a (complete) declarative sentence that has a truth value which


is either TRUE (denoted by T) or FALSE (denoted by F) (but
not both)

Ex. 1. Today is Wednesday. (a statement)


2. 12 < 7 (a statement)
3. Please lend me your ears. (not a statement)

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Logic and Reasoning

● Negation of a Proposition
 a proposition obtained by taking the negation of a given
proposition
 the “negation connective” uses the symbol ~ or  (to mean
not).
Ex. p : I like Pepsi. : I do not like Pepsi.
q : I like Coke. I don’t like Coke.

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Logic and Reasoning

Argument (Mathematical Reasoning)

 a series of statements made in support of an assertion together


with the assertion drawn from these supporting statements
● Parts of an Argument
 premises – supporting statements
 conclusion – assertion drawn from these premises

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Logic and Reasoning
For example:

● Premise 1 – All humans are mortal.

● Premise 2 – I am human.

● Conclusion – Therefore, I am mortal.

○ All humans are mortal, I am human. Therefore, I am mortal.

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Logic and Reasoning

● Types of Argument (Mathematical Reasoning)


 Deductive Reasoning
 Inductive Reasoning

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Logic and Reasoning

 Deductive Reasoning
 moving from general premises to specific conclusion
Example:
1. All dogs are animals,
so my dog is an animal.
2. All men are mortal.
I am a man.
Therefore, I am mortal.

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Logic and Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning
 making a general conclusion based on specific
premises
Example:
Every object that I release from my hand falls to the ground.
Therefore, the next object I release from my hand will fall to
the ground.

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Logic and Reasoning

• Validity of an Argument
 A deductive argument is valid if the truth of its premises
guarantees the truth of the conclusion, i.e., if the premises are
true, then the conclusion MUST BE true.
 This is a strong argument.
 Invalid argument – an argument which is not valid

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Logic and Reasoning

Example:

Valid Argument (Deductive, Valid)


Premises:
1. All mammals have lungs.
2. A whale is a mammal.
Conclusion:
→ Therefore, a whale has lungs.

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Logic and Reasoning

Example:

Invalid Argument (Deductive, Invalid)


Premises:
1. All cats are animals.
2. My dog is an animal.
Conclusion:
→ Therefore, my dog is a cat.

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Logic and Reasoning

Instruction: Classify each argument as deductive or inductive. Then determine if it is


valid or not (if deductive).
●Item 1:
All birds have feathers.
A pigeon is a bird.
Therefore, a pigeon has feathers.
→ Type: _________ | Valid? _________
●Item 2:
Every time I water my plants in the morning, they bloom faster.
So, watering in the morning causes plants to bloom.
→ Type: _________
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Thank you!
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