4.

4 Layered
Approach
OSI model and TCP/IP Model
 A network is a conceptual framework that describes
how data and network information are
communicated from an application on one computer
through network media to an application on other
computers in terms of different layers.
Network architecture is also known as Reference
Model.
To tackle with the design complexity most of the
Layered networks are organize as a set of layers or levels.
Architecture? The fundamental idea of layered architecture is to
divide the design into small pieces.
The layering provides modularity to the network
design.
The main duty of each layer is to provide offer
services to higher layers, and provide abstraction.
The main benefits of layered architecture are
modularity and clear interfaces.
 Modularity and clear interface.
Provide flexibility to modify network services.
Advantages of Ensure independence of layers.
layered Management of network architecture is easy.
architecture Each layer can be analyzed and tested independent
of other layers.
Standardization.
 1. Error control
2. Flow control
Layer 3. Segmentation and reassembly
functions 4. Multiplexing
5. Connection setup
 To establish the communication between computers, there must
be some rules/ standards that must be followed by each
computers connected to the network.
The ISO(International Standards Organization) has developed the
Open Systems Interconnection(OSI) Reference Model.
It has served as the basis for the development of worldwide
communication standards, that would enable all computers to get

OSI connected easily.

The purpose of the OSI model is to open communication between
Reference different systems without requiring a changes to the logic of the
underlying hardware and software.
Model It is not the protocol; it is a model for understanding and
designing a network system that allows for communication across
all types of computer systems.
It consist of seven separate but related layers, each of which
defines a segment of the process of moving information across a
network.
It breaks the process of LAN communication down into seven
steps. Thus, it has became a useful tool for discussing how a LAN
works.
Layers in OSI
Reference
Model
 It is concerned with transmitting a bit stream across a
communication channel.
1. Physical It transmits the bit(1’s and 0’s) from one computer to
Layer(Layer 1) another.
It also defines the type of transmission medium, data
rate and topology.
 It is responsible for delivery of data units from one station
to next without error.
It is concerned to ensure that network communication
takes place smoothly and orderly.
It accepts the packet from the network layer and arranged
them in the form of frame.
This layer provides for error free transfers of frames from
2. Data Link host to destination.
The data link layer detects when the frames are lost and
Layer(Layer 2) request that those frames be send again.
This layer is splitted into two layers:
a. LLC(Logical Link Layer): It establishes and maintains the
link between the communicating devices.
b. MAC(Media Access Control): It controls the way the multiple
devices share the same media channel.
 It is concerned with routing the data's in the form of
packets through a network.
Hence, it makes the routing decision and forward
packets to a particular device.
3. Network The unit of information at network layer is called a
Layer(Layer 3) packet.
It also control the traffic in the network.
It is responsible to support the communication
between two separate networks.
 The transport layer ensures that packet are delivered
error free, in sequence and with no losses and
duplication.
It provides accurate delivery by performing error
4. Transport detection and correction.
Layer(Layer 4) It ensures that data is received completely and in a
proper order.
For this, it sends acknowledgement to sender to
ensure that message has been received without error.
 It is responsible for establishing formal dialogue or
say session between the nodes.
It co-ordinates connection and disconnection of
5. Session dialogues between devices.
Layer(Layer 5) It also co-ordinates who sends when and who can
receive at what point during the communication.
It just starts, stops session and maintain the order.
 It presents the data to the application layer.
In the process, the presentation layer is supposed to
give data a uniform appearance that the application
6. Presentation layer can recognize.
Layer(Layer 6) It just translates the data to that format that network
requires and computer accepts.
It is responsible for data translation, protocol
conversion, data encryption and data compression.
 It support the application of users and enables them
to connect to network.
It provides the services that directly support the user
7. Application
application such as database, file transfer, remote
Layer(Layer 7) login etc.
The application layer is the interface between the
computer and user application
 1. A layer should be created where a different level of
abstraction is needed.
2. Each layer should perform a well defined function.
The principles 3. The function of each layer should be chosen with an
that were applied eye toward defining internationally standardized
protocols.
to arrive at the
seven layers are 4. The layer boundaries should be chosen to minimize
the information flow across the interfaces.
as follows:
5. The number of layers should be large enough that
distinct functions need not be thrown together in
the same layer out of necessity, and small enough
that the architecture doesn't became unwieldly.
 Provide standards for communication between
system.
Remove any technical impediment to communication
between system.
Remove concern with description of internal
operation of a single system.
Goals of OSI Define the points of interconnection for exchange of
Model: information between system.
Narrow options in order to increase ability to
communication without expensive conversions and
translations between products.
Provide a reasonable point of departure from the
standards in the event that they do not meet all
needs.
 TCP/IP Reference Model is the architecture developed
by the research network ARPANET(Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network) funded by
DOD(US Department of Defense).
It is generally referred to as TCP/IP protocol suite.
This protocol suite consists of a large collection of
TCP/IP protocols that have been issued as Internet
Standards.
Reference It is a set of rules that enables different types of
Model computers and networks on the Internet to
communicate with one another.
TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) is responsible for
verifying the correct delivery of data from source to
destination.
IP(Internet Protocol) is responsible for the packets of
data from node to node.
Layers in
TCP/IP
Reference
Model
 This layer consists of all higher levels protocols, like
virtual terminal(TELNET), file transfer(FTP) and
electronic mail(SMTP).
The virtual terminal protocols allow a user on one
machine to log into a client machine(distant machine)
and work on that machine.
The FTP protocol provides a way to transfer a file
from one machine to another.
1. Application SMTP is generally used with email for sending small
Layer messages over the internet.
Hence, application layer supports the application of
users and enables them to connect to network.
It is the interface between the computer and user
application.
It provides the services that directly support the user
application such as database, email, file transfer and
remote login.
 It ensure that all the data are delivered correctly and
in a proper order.
It ensures reliable delivery of data.
In transport layer, TCP/IP defines two protocols:
1. TCP(Transmission Control Protocol): It is a reliable
2. Transport connection-oriented protocol that allows a byte
stream originating on one machine to be delivered
Layer without error or any other machine in the internet.
2. UDP(User Datagram Protocol): It is and unreliable,
connectionless protocol which is widely used for
client-server request reply query and applications in
which prompt delivery is more important than
accurate delivery, such as transmitting speech or
videos.
 Its main job is to permit host computer to transmit
packets into any network and have them travel
independently to the destination.
They may even arrive in a different order than they
3. Internet were send.
Layer In this case, it is the job of higher layer to rearrange
them.
The internet layer have a protocol called IP(Internet
Protocol) which main job is to deliver IP packets where
they are supposed to go.
 Below the internet layer is a great void.

4. Host-to- The TCP/IP reference model does not really say much
about what happens here, except to point out that the
Network host has to connect to the network using some
protocol so it can send IP packets over it.
Layer This protocol is not defined and varies from host to
host and network to network.
 OSI(Open System Interconnection) TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol)
1. OSI is a generic, protocol independent standard, 1. TCP/IP model is based on standard protocols
acting as a communication gateway between the around which the Internet has developed. It is a
network and end user. communication protocol, which allows connection
of hosts over a network.
2. In OSI model the transport layer guarantees the 2. In TCP/IP model the transport layer does not
delivery of packets. guarantees delivery of packets. Still the TCP/IP
model is more reliable.
3. Follows vertical approach. 3. Follows horizontal approach.
4. OSI model has a separate Presentation layer and 4. TCP/IP does not have a separate Presentation

OSI vs. TCP/IP Session layer.

5. Transport Layer is Connection Oriented.
layer or Session layer.
5. Transport Layer is both Connection Oriented and

Reference
Connection less.
6. Network Layer is both Connection Oriented and 6. Network Layer is Connection less.

Model
Connection less.
7. OSI is a reference model around which the 7. TCP/IP model is, in a way implementation of the
networks are built. Generally it is used as a OSI model.
guidance tool.
8. Network layer of OSI model provides both 8. The Network layer in TCP/IP model provides
connection oriented and connectionless service. connectionless service.
9. OSI model has a problem of fitting the protocols 9. TCP/IP model does not fit any protocol
into the model.
10. Protocols are hidden in OSI model and are 10. In TCP/IP replacing protocol is not easy.
easily replaced as the technology changes.
11. OSI model defines services, interfaces and 11. In TCP/IP, services, interfaces and protocols are
protocols very clearly and makes clear distinction not clearly separated. It is also protocol
between them. It is protocol independent. dependent.
12. It has 7 layers 12. It has 4 layers