LESSON 1
Introduction to
Structural theory
STRUCTURAL
ENGR. LESTER L. RAMIREZ
LOADS
CVIL 1065 || CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF SAINT LOUIS TUGUEGARAO
Learning outcomes:
Define and classify structures
Understand structural engineering and
the role of structural analysis in this field
Create analytical models of structures
Perform a basic structural analysis
involving load transmission
Understand and compute the different
types of loads acting on a structure
CVIL 1065 || CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF SAINT LOUIS TUGUEGARAO
Introduction to structural
What Structuret h?e o r STRUCTURAL
y
A structure refers to a
is system
a of connected parts
used to support a load
ANALYSIS
is the prediction of the performance of a
Buildings given structure under prescribed loads
Towers and/or other external effects, such as support
movements and temperature changes
Bridges
HISTORY OF STRUCTURAL
Theory at a glance
19th CENTURY
EARLY CIVILIZATIONS Classical methods of structural analysis
Trial and error Area-Moment method
Design based on Conjugate-Beam method
existing structures Consistent Deformation method
Three-moment equation
GALILEI, 17th-18th CENTURY 20th CENTURY
Laying out of principles for Advanced methods of structural
structural analysis analysis for high-rise structures
Calculus Slope-Deflection method
Hooke’s Law Moment Distribution method
Newton’s laws of motion Computer applications
FAMOUS Structures throughout history
GREAT PYRAMID ROMAN THE NOTRE DAME TAJ
OF GIZA COLOSSEUM PARTHENON CATHEDRAL MAHAL
SYDNEY OPERA BURJ LEANING TOWER EIFFEL Philippine arena
HOUSE KHALIFA OF PISA TOWER
Role of structural analysis
in structural engineering
Planning Phase
STRUCTURAL
engineering Preliminary Structural Design
is the science and art of planning,
designing, and constructing safe and Estimation of Loads
economical structures that will serve
their intended purposes
Structural Analysis
Are the safety
Revised and
Construction
Structural serviceability
Phase
Design nO requirement YES
satisfied?
Role of structural analysis
in structural engineering
1. Planning
Phase
This usually involves the establishment of the
proposed structure, the general layout and
functional requirements of the
dimensions of the structure,
consideration of the possible types of structures (e.g., rigid frame or truss) that may
be feasible and the types of materials to be used (e.g., structural steel or reinforced
concrete).
2. Preliminary Structural
Design
In this phase, the sizes of the various members of the structural system selected in the
planning phase are estimated based on approximate analysis, past experience, and code
requirements.
3. Estimation of
This phase involves determination of all the
Loads
loads that can be expected to act on the
structure.
Role of structural analysis
in structural engineering
4. Structural Analysis
In this phase, the values of the loads are used to carry out an analysis
of the structure in order to determine the stresses or stress resultants
in the members and the deflections at various points of the structure.
5. Safety and Serviceability
Checks
The results of the analysis are used to determine whether or not the structure
satisfies the safety and serviceability requirements of the design codes.
6. Revised Structural
If the code requirements are not satisfied, then the member sizes are revised, and
phases 3 through 5Design
are repeated until all the safety and serviceability requirements are
satisfied.
Classification of structures
STRUCTURAL TIE RODS
ELEMENTS structural members subjected to a tensile force
a) Tie Rods also called bracing struts
b) Beams are slender, and are often chosen from rods,
c) Columns bars, angles, and channels
Classification of structures
STRUCTURAL beams
ELEMENTS are usually straight horizontal members used
a) Tie Rods primarily to carry vertical loads
are classified according to the way they are
b) Beams supported
c) Columns are primarily designed to resist bending moment
when the material used for a beam is a metal such as
steel or aluminum, the cross section is most efficient
when it is shaped like the letter I (wide flange).
CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS:
Classification of structures
STRUCTURAL columns
ELEMENTS are generally vertical and
a) Tie Rods resist axial compressive loads
tubes and wide-flange cross
b) Beams
sections are often used for
c) Columns metal columns, and circular
and square cross sections
with reinforcing rods are used
for those made of concrete
can be subjected to both an
axial load and a bending
moment; such column is
called a beam column
Classification of structures
STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS trusses
consist of slender elements that are usually arranged in
a) Tie Rods a triangular fashion
b) Beams are used when the span of a structure is required to be
large and its depth is not an important criterion for design
c) Columns due to the geometric arrangement of its members, loads
that cause the entire truss to bend are converted into
tensile or compressive forces in the members
STRUCTURAL are constructed from long and slender elements which
SYSTEMS can be arranged in various ways to support a load
Planar trusses are composed of members that lie in the
a) Trusses same plane and are frequently used for bridge and roof
b) Cables and Arches support
c) Frames Space trusses have members extending in three
dimensions and are suitable for derricks and towers
d) Surface Structures
Classification of structures
STRUCTURAL Cables
ELEMENTS are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension
are commonly used to support bridges and building roofs
a) Tie Rods because they are always in tension, cables will not
b) Beams become unstable and suddenly collapse, as may happen
c) Columns with beams or trusses
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS Cables support their
a) Trusses loads in tension
b) Cables and Arches
c) Frames
d) Surface Structures
Classification of structures
STRUCTURAL arches
ELEMENTS achieves its strength in compression, since it has a reverse
a) Tie Rods curvature to that of the cable
must be rigid in order to maintain its shape, and this results
b) Beams in secondary loadings involving shear and moment
c) Columns are frequently used in bridge structures, dome roofs, and
for openings in masonry walls
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS
a) Trusses Arches support their
loads in compression
b) Cables and Arches
c) Frames
d) Surface Structures
Classification of structures
STRUCTURAL frames
ELEMENTS are often used in buildings and are composed of beams
a) Tie Rods and columns that are either pin or fixed connected
the loading on a frame causes bending of its members
b) Beams
c) Columns
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS
a) Trusses
b) Cables and Arches
c) Frames
d) Surface Structures
Classification of structures
STRUCTURAL frames
ELEMENTS are often used in buildings and are composed of beams
a) Tie Rods and columns that are either pin or fixed connected
the loading on a frame causes bending of its members
b) Beams
c) Columns
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS
a) Trusses
b) Cables and Arches
c) Frames
d) Surface Structures
Classification of structures
STRUCTURAL Surface structure
ELEMENTS made from a material having a very small thickness
a) Tie Rods compared to its other dimensions
the material acts as a membrane that is subjected to
b) Beams pure tension
c) Columns may be shaped as folded plates, cylinders, or hyperbolic
paraboloids, and are referred to as thin plates or shells
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS The roof of the
“Georgia Dome” in
a) Trusses Atlanta, Georgia can
be considered as a
b) Cables and Arches thin membrane
c) Frames
d) Surface Structures
Analytical models
an analytical model is a simplified representation
of a real structure for the purpose of analysis
The development of the model generally
involves:
Determination of whether or not the
structure can be treated as a plane
structure
Construction of the line diagram of the
structure
Idealization of connections
Analytical models
SOME PRINCIPAL S.I. UNITS USED IN MECHANICS
QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL FORMULA
Force Newton
Moment of a Force Newton-meter -
Pressure Pascal
Stress Pascal
Mass Kilogram -
Specific Weight Newton per cubic meter -
Density Kilogram per cubic meter -
Volume Cubic meter -
Area Square meter -
SOME U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS USED IN MECHANICS
QUANTITY U.S. CUSTOMARY UNIT
Prefixes and multipliers
Force
Prefix Multiplier
Moment of a Force Pico-
Nano-
Pressure and/or Stress
Micro-
Mass Milli-
Specific Weight Centi-
Kilo-
Volume Mega-
Area Giga-
Tera-
Structural loads
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
FOR TRANSMITTING
WIND
LOADS LOADS
DEAD EARTHQUAKE
LOADS LOADS
OTHER
LIVE LOADS LOADS
Structural system for transmitting loads
Floor Framing
System:
GIRDER
SLABS BEAMS COLUMNS FOOTINGS GROUND
S
Roof Framing
System:
ROOF
ROOF PURLINS TRUSSES COLUMNS FOOTINGS GROUND
BEAMS
Structural system for transmitting loads
One-Way Slab two-Way Slab
𝑳 𝑾 𝑳 𝑾
>𝟐 𝑜𝑟 < 𝟎. 𝟓 ≤ 𝟐 𝑜𝑟 ≥𝟎.𝟓
𝑾 𝑳 𝑾 𝑳
𝑊 𝑊
𝐿 𝐿
Structural system for transmitting loads
Tributary Area
for Beams
Sketch the tributary
area for beam AB,
BE, EH, HI, CF and
JK of the typical
floor plan shown.
Structural system for transmitting loads
Tributary Area
for Columns
Sketch the tributary
area for column A,
E, G, H and K of the
typical floor plan of
the building shown.
Structural system for transmitting loads
Distribution
of Loads
The slab carries a
service load of 5 kPa.
Determine the load
acting at all members
of the system.
Structural system for transmitting loads
Distribution
of Loads
The slab carries a
service load of 6.5 kPa.
Determine the load
acting at all members
of the system.
