EFFECTS OF
CONTROLS
AIM:
To learn and understand the effects caused
by manipulating the primary and ancillary
controls of an aircraft.
APPLICATION:
The controls are used in all facets of flight.
So whether we are on the ground or in the
air, at all stages the pilot is controlling the
aircraft with some form of control input.
DEFINITIONS
1. Aerofoil-
- An aerofoil is a lift producing surface. Structures such as a wings which
are designed to generate lift from the passing airflow are called
aerofoils.
2.Chordline-
- This is a straight line joining the leading edge of the wing to the trailing
edge of the wing.
3. Relative Airflow-
- Is the relative motion between an aerofoil and the airflow. The direction
of the relative airflow at any moment is always opposite to the direction of
motion.
4. Angle Of Attack (AOA)
- This is the angle between the chordline and the relative airflow.
CHOR
DLINE LE
TE
AoA
RELATIVE AIRFLOW
AN AEROFOIL
5. Camber-
- Demonstrates the degree of curvature of
an aerofoil. It’s a measurement of the distance
between the camber line and the chordline.
6. Centre Of Gravity (COG)-
- Is the point where the sum of total of the
weight force acts.
CHOR
DLINE LE
TE
AoA
RELATIVE AIRFLOW
Principles:
Pressure is divided into two components.
- Static and Dynamic.
Static pressure-
Is still air. When we sit idle in a
classroom millions of air molecules are
around us and exerting a pressure on us.
However we don’t feel it because we are
not moving and the air around us is not
moving.
Principles Continued….
Dynamic pressure-
Dynamic pressure is air in motion. If
you drive along in your car and place
your hand out the window, the
pushing back sensation is a result of
dynamic pressure.
Principles Continued…..
Total pressure is the sum of both
static and dynamic pressure. This
gives rise to another flash little
formula.
PT=PD+PS
Bernoulli’s Principle
-While total pressure remains unchanged, the local static pressure will decrease
When the fluid’s velocity increases.
STATIC PRESSURE
STATIC PRESSURE
HIGH HIGH HIGH
LOW LOW LOW
.
Bernoulli’s Principle
cont…
Low PS
- - - - -
-
-
+ + + +
+ + +
High PS
Lift Formula
The Lift equation is:
L = CL ½ρV2 S
AoA / Camber IAS / PD Wing Surface Area
Pilot’s Lift: Generally, the only factors a pilot can alter are
the AoA and the airspeed:
L α AoA x IAS
Air Exercise
To demonstrate the primary and
secondary effects of the primary
controls and understand the planes
axis of movement.
Aileron Aileron
Rudder
STABLATOR
AIR EXERCISE
CONTINUED
AXIS OF MOVEMENT
An aircraft is capable of three types
of motion. These being pitch, roll
and yaw, all of which occur about
the centre of gravity (COG). The
control wheel in the cockpit allows
us to move the aeroplane around
these axis.
Axis Of Movement
PRIMARY EFFECT OF THE
ELEVATOR
Pitching
- We Use the elevator to
pitch about the lateral axis. It works
on the principle of pressure
differential.
Secondary Effect Of The
Elevator.
There are no actual secondary
aerodynamic effects of pitching.
However, both IAS and ALT will
change depending on what control
input is made by the pilot. Pitching
nose up, IAS will decrease and ALT
will increase. Conversely
Pitching nose down, IAS will
increase and ALT will decrease.
Primary Effect Of Aileron
ROLL
-We use the ailerons to roll
about the longitudinal axis. It’s
important to know, that the ailerons
act differentially, meaning that when
one deflects upwards, the other one
shall deflect downwards. They work
on the pressure differential concept as
well.
ROLL
Rolling Plane
Longitudinal Axis
Secondary Effect Of
Aileron.
As an aircraft rolls, the lift vector is
now tilted causing the aircraft to
slip. As a result the side of the
aircraft is now exposed into the
relative airflow, thus creating a yaw.
This also causes the aircraft to loose
height in a turn. R.A.F
Sideways component
of lift
Primary Effect Of Rudder
We use the rudders to yaw the aeroplane about the normal axis…..
YAW
Secondary Effect Of
Rudder
The secondary effect of yaw is roll.
As an aircraft yaws, the outer wing
travels faster, creating more lift,
causing a roll in the direction of the
yaw.
LIFT FORMULA
L = CL ½ V2 S
SUMMARY
Control Control Axis Primary Seconda Further
Surface Input Effect ry Effect Effect
Aileron Control Longitudi Roll Yaw Spiral
Column nal
Stabilator Control Lateral Pitch Airspeed
Altitude
Column
Rudder Foot Normal Yaw Roll
Pedals Spiral
ANCILLARY CONTROLS
FLAPS
1. FLAPS
- When we lower flaps, we increase the camber of the wing,
thus creating both lift and drag.
Because of the increase in lift, there is a tendency for the aircraft to balloon.
Always anticipate the balloon when selecting flap,
and apply some forward pressure.
PIPER WARRIOR - 103 KTS
FLAP EXTENTION SPEED IS THE
BEGINNING OF THE WHITE ARC ON
THE ASI
BALLOON
Flaps extended here
Arrest the balloon with a change in pitch Flap Extended
Ancillary Controls
Continued
Trim
- We use this to relieve pilot loads. Imagine a
climb in a PA28 to 10,000FT. Your arm will get
eventually fatigue trying to hold the same
attitude.
Ancillary Controls
Throttle
Continued
Throttle- Simply controls the airflow into the engine, thus directly
controlling RPM. The throttle is the pilot’s means of increasing power to
the engine.
Mixture Control- Introduces fuel to the engine. In flight it allows
us to adjust the fuel to air ratio. The correct ratio of fuel to air, or
stoichiometric ratio is around 15:1.
The mixture control is also used for shutting the aircraft engine down. (ICO)
After today’s flight, you will notice that I will actually cut the engine by
leaning the mixture to the idle cut off position.
Considerations
Continued
SLIPSTREAM EFFECT-
Propeller rotates clockwise (viewed from cockpit) with spiral airflow hitting rudder
inducing yaw. Must be counteracted using rudder.
CONSIDERATIONS
AIRSPEED:Increase in airspeed increases control
effectiveness.
POWER:Increasing power causes pitch up and left yaw.
Decreasing power causes pitch down and right yaw.
Propwash envelopes the rudder and elevator, making them more
effective at higher power settings.
THREAT & ERROR
MANAGEMENT
Lookout (90% visual, use the clock
method)
Smooth but positive control inputs
Correct Handover/Takeover
Illness
procedure
Medication
Stress
Alcohol
Fatigue
Eating
