Module
2
DC Power
Supplies
PAUL S.B. MACHESO , PhD
Created by 1
[Link]
Types of Power
Supply
Switched Mode Power
Supply (SMPS)
Linear Power supply
Created by 2
[Link]
Comparison of a Linear power
supply and a Switched-mode
power supply
Linear power supply Switched-mode power supply
1. Transformer is large due to 1. Transformer is smaller
low operating frequency due to higher operating
(mains power frequency is frequency (typically 50
at 50 or 60 Hz). kHz - 1 MHz
2. The output voltage 2. The output voltage varies
varies significantly little with load.
with load.
3. Efficiency is low due to 3. Efficiency is very high
power dissipation of the because the transistors
transformer~30-40% used are sometimes fully
i.e low current output off.
i.e high current out put
4. No high-frequency 4. High-frequency interference
interference
Created by 3
[Link]
Block diagram of a mains
operated Switched-mode
power supply
Created by 4
[Link]
Input rectifier stage
If the SMPS has an AC input, then
the first stage is to convert the
input to DC.
This is called rectification. The
rectifier circuit can be configured
as a voltage doubler by the
addition of a switch.
The rectifier produces an
unregulated DC voltage which is
then sent to a large filter
Created by 5
capacitor. [Link]
Inverter
stage
The inverter stage converts DC,
whether directly from the input or
from the rectifier stage described
above, to AC by running it through a
power oscillator, whose output
transformer is very small with few
windings at a frequency of tens or
hundreds of kilohertz (kHz). The
frequency is usually chosen to be
above 20 kHz, to make it inaudible
to humans.
The output voltage is optically coupled
to the input and thus very tightly
controlled. The switching is
implementedCreated
as aby
[Link]
multistage (to 6
achieve high current gain) MOSFET
Voltage converter and
output rectifier
If the output is required to be isolated
from the input, as is usually the case in
mains power supplies, the inverted
AC is used to drive the primary
winding of a high- frequency
transformer. This converts the voltage
up or down to the required output level
on its secondary winding.
If a DC output is required, the AC
output
from the transformer is rectified.
The rectified Created
output by
is then smoothed 7
by a filter consisting
[Link]
of inductors and
Regulation
A feedback circuit monitors the
output voltage and compares it
with a reference voltage, which
is set manually or electronically to
the desired output. If there is an
error in the output voltage, the
feedback circuit compensates
by adjusting the timing with which
the MOSFETs are switched on
and off.
The Chopper controller shown
in the blockCreated
diagram
by serves this 8
purpose.
[Link]
Linear DC power
supply
Most power supplies are designed to convert
high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable
low voltage supply for electronics circuits and
other device
Some electronic circuits require a power
supply with positive and negative outputs as
well as zero volts (0V). This is called a 'dual
supply' because it is like two ordinary
supplies connected together as shown in the
diagram.
Dual supplies have three outputs, for example
a ±9V supply has +9V, 0V and -9V outputs.
Created by 9
[Link]
Block diagram of a 5 V
Linear DC Power Supply
system
Each of the blocks is described in more detail
below: Transformer - steps down high
voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.
Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC
output is varying.
Smoothing - smooths the DC from varying greatly
to a small ripple.
Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output
to a fixed voltage.
Created by 10
[Link]
DC Power Supply
cont..
Power supplies made from these
blocks are described below with a
circuit diagram and a graph of
their output:
Transformer only
Transformer + Rectifier
Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing
Transformer + Rectifier +
Smoothing + Regulator
Created by 11
[Link]
Transformer only
The low voltage AC output is suitable
for lamps, heaters and special AC
motors. It is not suitable for electronic
circuits unless they include a rectifier
and a smoothing
Created by 12
[Link]
Transformer + Rectifier
The varying DC output is suitable for
lamps, heaters and standard motors. It
is not suitable for electronic circuits
unless they include a smoothing
capacitor.
Created by 13
[Link]
Transformer +
Rectifier + Smoothing
The smooth DC output has a small
ripple. It is suitable for most electronic
circuits
Created by 14
[Link]
Transformer +
Rectifier + Smoothing
+ Regulator
The regulated DC output is very
smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for
all electronic circuits.
Created by 15
[Link]
The
Transformer
Shown below is the transformer circuit symbol together
with the picture
Transformers convert AC electricity from one
voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the
reasons why mains electricity is AC.
Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-
down transformers reduce voltage. Most power
supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the
dangerously high mains voltage (~230V ) to a safer
low voltage. Created by 16
[Link]
The
Transformer
The input coil is called the primary and the
output coil is called the secondary. There is
no electrical connection between the two
coils, instead they are linked by an
alternating magnetic field created in the
soft-iron core of the transformer. The two
lines in the middle of the circuit symbol
represent the core.
Transformers waste very little power so the
power out is (almost) equal to the
power in. Note that as voltage is stepped
down current is stepped up.
The ratio of the number of turns on each
coil, called the turns ratio, determines the
ratio of the voltages. A step-down
transformer has a large number of turns on
its primary (input) coil which is connected to
the high voltage mains supply, and a small17
Created by
number of turns on its secondary (output)
[Link]
The Transformer
cont..
Power out = Power
in
Vs × Is = Vp × Ip
Vp N
Turns ratio
Vs N s
= p
V = primary (input) voltage
p
Np = number of turns on
primary coil Ip = primary
(input) current
V = secondary (output) voltage
s
Ns = number of turns on
secondary coil Is = secondary
(output) current
Created by 18
[Link]
Half-wave rectifier
A single diode can be used as a rectifier but this
produces half-wave varying DC which has gaps
when the AC is negative. It is hard to smooth
this sufficiently well to supply electronic circuits
unless they require a very small current so the
smoothing capacitor does not significantly
discharge during the gaps.
Single diode Output: half-wave varying
rectifier DC
(using only half the AC wave)
Created by 19
[Link]
Half-wave rectifier cont
If a load resistor RL is connected
across the rectified output, the
average (dc) and rms values of the
half-wave rectified sine wave voltage
will be as follows:
Vavg VPR an Vrms VPR
d 2
Where VPR is the peak value of the
rectified voltage.
For silicon diode, VPR = VL = VP – 0.7
Vp is the peak voltage of the input and VL
is the load voltage.
The 0.7 V can be ignored if ac voltage is
large.
Created by 20
[Link]
Half-wave rectifier
cont
Assuming that the ac voltage is a
symmetrical sine wave, the diode
must be capable of withstanding
a peak reverse voltage of Vp
volts, since it is the maximum
reverse biasing voltage that
occurs during one complete cycle.
The Peak-Inverse-Voltage (PIV)
rating of a diode determines its
maximum permissible reverse
bias without breakdown.
Created by 21
[Link]
Full-wave centre
taped rectifier
The diagram below shows a full-
wave centre taped rectifier
Ns RL
Np
Ns
The rectifier has two diodes to
perform full wave [Link]
wave form that results when a
sine wave is fully rectified is also
shown. Created by 22
[Link]
Full-wave centre
taped rectifier
From the diagrams shown earlier, it is
apparent that the latter is twice the
average value of the former. Thus, a
full wave rectified voltage has a an
average (Vavg) and rms value (Vrms) of:
an
Vavg 2V Vrms VPR
PR
d 2
The peak rectified voltage is the
secondary voltage in the transformer,
btn the centre tap and the one side ,
less
i. the diode N s drop.
VP 0.7
VPR
e NP
Created by 23
[Link]
Full-wave centre
taped rectifier
The maximum reverse bias equals
twice the peak value of either of
the cycles.
Therefore, the PIV rating of each
diode must be equal to at least
twice the peak value of the
rectified voltage
i.e PIV ≥ 2VPR
Created by 24
[Link]
Full-wave Bridge
rectifier
A bridge rectifier can be made using four
individual diodes, but it is also available in
special packages containing the four
diodes required.
It is called a full-wave rectifier because it
uses all the AC wave (both positive and
negative sections). 1.4V is used up in the
bridge rectifier because each diode uses
0.7V when conducting and there are
always two diodes conducting, as shown in
the diagram next.
Bridge rectifiers are rated by the
maximum current they can pass and the
maximum reverse voltage they can
withstand (this must
Created by be at least three 25
times the supply RMS voltage so the
[Link]
Bridge rectifier
RL
The peak rectified voltage across the load
would be
VP 1.4
VPR
Alternate pairs of diodes conduct,
changing over the connections so the
alternating directions of AC are converted
to the one direction of DC
The Output is full-wave varying DC that
uses all the AC wave as shown to the right of
the diagram. Created by 26
[Link]
Smoothing/Filtering
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic
capacitor connected across the DC supply to act as a
reservoir, supplying current to the output when the
varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The
diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line)
and the smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges
quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then
discharges as it supplies current to the output.
Note that smoothing significantly increases the
average DC voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 ×
RMS value). For example 6V RMS AC is rectified to full
wave DC of about 4.6V RMS (1.4V is lost in the bridge
rectifier), with smoothing this increases to almost the
peak value giving 1.4 × 4.6 = 6.4V smooth DC.
Created by 27
[Link]
Capacitive
filters
Refer to the note
book
Created by 28
[Link]
Regulator
Voltage regulator ICs are
available with fixed (typically
5, 9, 12 and 15V) or variable
output voltages. They are also
rated by the maximum
current they can pass.
Negative voltage regulators
are available, mainly for use
in dual supplies. Most
regulators include some
automatic protection from
excessive current ('overload
protection') and overheating
('thermal protection').
Created by 29
[Link]
Zener diode
regulator
For low current power supplies a simple
voltage regulator can be made with a
resistor and a zener diode connected in
reverse as shown in the the next slide.
Zener diodes are rated by their
breakdown voltage Vz and
maximum power Pz
The resistor limits the current (like an
LED resistor). The current through the
resistor is constant, so when there is
no output current all the current flows
through the zener diode and its power
rating Pz must be large enough.
Created by 30
[Link]
Choosing a zener diode
and resistor
The zener voltage Vz is the
output voltage required
The input voltage Vs must
be a few volts greater than
Vz is to allow for small
(this zener diode
fluctuations in Vs due to ripple)
The maximum current a = anode, k =
Imax is the output current cathode
required plus 10%
The zener power Pz is
determined by the maximum
current: Pz > Vz × Imax
The resistor resistance: R
= (Vs - Vz) / Imax
The resistor power rating:
P > (Vs - Vz) × Imax
Created by 31
[Link]
Exampl
e: If the output voltage required is 5V, and
output current is 60mA.
Vz = 4.7V (nearest value available)
Vs = 8V (it must be a few volts greater
than Vz)
Imax = 66mA (output current plus
10%)
Pz > 4.7V × 66mA = 310mW, choose
Pz = 400mW
R = (8V - 4.7V) / 66mA = 0.05k = 50,
choose R
= 47
Resistor power
Created rating
by
[Link]
P > (8V - 4.7V) × 32
66mA = 218mW, choose P = 0.5W
Alternative Zener
Regulator Design
One approach to Zener regulator
design is to consider the desired load
current and the amount of ripple
present in the available unregulated
supply.
Created by 33
[Link]
Zener diode
regulator
Created by 34
[Link]
Zener diode
regulator
Created by 35
[Link]
Zener diode
regulator
Created by 36
[Link]
Zener diode
regulator
Created by 37
[Link]
Zener diode
regulator
The power rating of the load resistor
must be at least
Created by 38
[Link]
Proble
m
Created by 39
[Link]
Voltage regulation
Created by 40
[Link]
THE
END
Created by 41
[Link]
