Chapter No-1

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING:-

SYLLABUS
Hardware Architecture, Topologies, Media, devices
Transmission Techniques, Twisted Pair, Coaxial Cable, Fiber optics, Wireless Transmission Switching, Circuit Switching, Message Switching, Packet Switching

Networking Terminology
Some of the common terminologies that are used in computer networking are:
Networks Server Client Peers Host computers Terminals

A computer network is a group of computers that are connected together to communicate and share resources such as files, printers, and email.

Servers
A server is a network computer that shares resources with and responds to requests form other network computers, including other servers.

General Purpose

Dedicated

Server

Server

Clients
A client is a network computer that utilizes the resources of other network computers including other clients.
Processor, memory, storage

Client 1

Client 2

Server

Peers
A peer is a self-sufficient computer that acts as both

a server and a client to other similar computers on the network.

Client and server Client and server

Peer

Host Computers
A host computer is a powerful, centralized computer system, such

as a mainframe computer, that performs data storage and processing tasks on behalf of clients and other network devices.

Processing and Storage

Terminals
A terminal is a specialized network device on a host-based network

that transmits the data entered by the user to host for processing and displays the results.

No processor and no memory

Terminal

Client

Standard Network Models

A network model is a design specification for how the nodes on a network interact and communicate. The standard networking models currently in use are:
Centralized Computing Networks Client/Server Networks Peer-to-Peer Networks

Centralized model

Client/server model

Peer-to-peer model

Centralized Computing Networks

A centralized network is a network in which a central host controls all network communication and performs data processing and storage on behalf of clients.

Client/Server Networks
A client/server network is a network in which servers provides services to clients.

Client 1

Client 2

Processing power Management services Server Administrative functions

Peer-to-Peer Networks
A peer-to-peer network is a network in which resource sharing, processing, and communications control are completely decentralized. A peer-to-peer network is often referred to as a workgroup.
Resources Processing Communication

Resources Processing Communication

Resources Processing

Communication

Mixed Mode Networks

A mixed mode network is a network that incorporates elements

from more than one of the three standard network models.

Server Peer/Client

Host

Peer/Client

Network Topologies
A network topology is a network specification that determines the networks overall layout and the networks data flow patterns. Physical The primary network topologies are:
Physical Bus Topology Physical Star Topology Physical Ring Topology Physical Mesh Topology Hybrid Topology
Logical

Physical Bus Topology

A physical bus topology is a physical topology in which network nodes are arranged in a linear format, with each node connected directly to the network cable with a Tconnector or tap.

Terminator

T-connector

T-connector

T-connector

Terminator

Physical Star Topology

A physical star topology is a network topology that uses a central connectivity device, such as a hub, with separate connections to each node.

Hub

Node

Physical Ring Topology

A physical ring topology is a network topology in which all network nodes are connected in a continuous circle.

Physical Mesh Topology

A physical mesh topology is a network topology in which each node has a direct connection to every other node.

Hybrid Topology
A hybrid topology is any topology that exhibits characteristics of more than one standard physical topology.

Types Of Communication
Simplex Mode :Simplex mode of communication is the one-way transmission of information with the full use of bandwidth of the medium for transmission.

 Half Duplex Mode:-

Half duplex mode communications permit two-way communications, but in only one direction at a time.

Sender

Receiver

 Full Duplex Mode:-

Full duplex mode communications permit simultaneous two-way communications.

Types Of Devices
Coaxial Cable:Coaxial cable, or coax, is a type of copper cable that features a central conductor surrounded by braided or foil shielding.
Braided shielding

Nonconductive insulated coating

Single copper conductor

 Twisted Pair Cable :Twisted pair is a type of cable in which multiple insulated conductors are twisted around each other and clad in a protective and insulating outer jacket. Types of twisted pair cable are:
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) Shielded twisted pair (STP)
Pair has base color scheme

Conductors are striped

Primary and secondary wire

 Fiber Optic Cable:Fiber optic cable is a type of network cable in which the core is one or more glass or plastic strands.

Outer jacket

Silica cladding

Inner jacket Glass or plastic core

Wireless Communication
Wireless communication is a type of communications in which signals are transmitted as electromagnetic energy. Wireless connections can be:
Point-to-Point: Are used to link distant buildings or networks Broadcast: Are used to enable communications within a building or small geographical area

Radio Networking
Radio networking is a form of wireless communications in which signals are sent via radio frequency (RF) waves in the 10 KHz and 1 GHz range. Radio networking is of following types:
Broadcast: Is a form of RF networking that is nondirectional and uses a single frequency for transmissions Spread Spectrum: Is a form of radio transmission in which the signal is sent over more then one frequency

Infrared Transmission
Infrared transmission is a form of wireless transmission over unbounded media in which signals are sent via pulses of infrared light.

Receiver

Microwave Transmission
Microwave transmission is a form of wireless transmission over unbounded media in which signals are sent via pulses of electromagnetic energy in the microwave region of the spectrum.

Sender transmits electromagnetic signals

Receiver has unobstructed view

Switching :
A mechanism for communicating by sharing resources.

Switching is the generic method for establishing a path for point-topoint communication in a network. It involves the nodes in the network utilizing their direct communication lines to other nodes so that a path is established in a piecewise fashion. Each node has the capability to switch to a neighbouring node (i.e., a node to which it is directly connected) to further stretch the path until it is completed.

 switching capability of the nodes in order to route messages across the

network. There are two basic methods of switching: circuit switching and packet switching. When information has to go over a switch in the communications system, there are several choices of how to switch the information. A circuit could be set up, causing no delay between switches, but causing setup time. Message switching could be used; it involves sending an entire message from one switch to the next before forwarding is possible. And then there is packet switching, in which a message is cut into several smaller fixed-sized packets, thus reducing the wait time at each switch when compared to message switching.

Circuit switching In circuit switching networks, a single path from one

endpoint to another is built when a connection is needed.

Path built when circuit is established

 Packet Switching Networks:Packet switching networks move data through the network packet by packet. Each packet takes the best route available at any given time rather than following an established circuit.

Each packet finds its own route