隔离但平等:修订间差异

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不是只有歐美
 
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[[File:ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg|[[南非]]過往的種族隔離告示牌,白人與[[有色人種]]被區隔但「平等的」對待|thumb|250px]]
'''隔离但平等'''({{lang-en|Separate but equal}})是源自於19世紀[[美國黑人]][[种族隔离]]政策的一种表现形式,它试图通过为不同种族提供-{表}-面平等的设施或待遇,从而使实施空间隔离的做法[[合法性|合法化]],遲至20世紀才取得平等性質的公民權。20世紀末部分歐美國家開始重視[[同性戀]]權益,起初推行的同性[[民事結合]]或同性婚姻專門法(不適用一般婚姻法)亦被喻為另一種隔離但平等。<ref name="hammond2009">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2009/04/21/2009-04-21_why_civil_unions_arent_enough_in_gay_marriage_debate_separate_but_equal_wont_cut.html|title=Marriage is more perfect union: In gay marriage debate, separate but equal won't cut it|last=Hammond|first=Bill|work=Ny Daily News|date=2009-04-20|accessdate=2010-06-12|location=New York|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925080454/http://www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2009/04/21/2009-04-21_why_civil_unions_arent_enough_in_gay_marriage_debate_separate_but_equal_wont_cut.html|archive-date=2011-09-25|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2009/04/why_the_word_marriage_matters.html|title=Why the word "marriage" matters|work=Oregon Live|last=Kitch|first=Mary|date=2009-04-21|accessdate=2010-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208003202/http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2009/04/why_the_word_marriage_matters.html|archive-date=2017-12-08|dead-url=no}}</ref>
'''隔离但平等'''({{lang-en|Separate but equal}})是源自於19世紀[[非裔美国人|美國黑人]][[种族隔离]]政策的一种表现形式,它试图透过为不同种族提供-{表}-面平等的设施或待遇,从而使实施空间隔离的做法[[合法性|合法化]],遲至20世紀才取得平等性質的公民權。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segregated/separate-but-equal.html|title=Separate but Equal – Separate Is Not Equal|website=americanhistory.si.edu|access-date=2021-05-16|archive-date=2020-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411003725/http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segregated/separate-but-equal.html}}</ref>
 
'''隔离但平等'''({{lang-en|Separate but equal}})是源自於1920世紀[[美國黑人]][[种族隔离]]政策的一种表现形式,它试图通过为不同种族提供-{表}-面平等的设施或待遇,从而使实施空间隔离的做法[[合法性|合法化]],遲2021世紀才取得平等性質的公民權。20世紀末初,部分歐美國家開始重視[[同性戀LGBT]]族群權益,起初推行的同性[[民事結合]]或[[同性婚姻]]專門法(不適用一般婚姻法)亦被喻為另一種形式的「隔離但平等。<ref name="hammond2009">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2009/04/21/2009-04-21_why_civil_unions_arent_enough_in_gay_marriage_debate_separate_but_equal_wont_cut.html|title=Marriage is more perfect union: In gay marriage debate, separate but equal won't cut it|last=Hammond|first=Bill|work=Ny Daily News|date=2009-04-20|accessdate=2010-06-12|location=New York|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925080454/http://www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2009/04/21/2009-04-21_why_civil_unions_arent_enough_in_gay_marriage_debate_separate_but_equal_wont_cut.html|archive-date=2011-09-25|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2009/04/why_the_word_marriage_matters.html|title=Why the word "marriage" matters|work=Oregon Live|last=Kitch|first=Mary|date=2009-04-21|accessdate=2010-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208003202/http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2009/04/why_the_word_marriage_matters.html|archive-date=2017-12-08|dead-url=no}}</ref>
 
== 历史背景 ==
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=== 沃伦法院 ===
1953年,[[厄尔·沃伦]]成为第14任[[美国首席大法官]],其领导下的美国最高法院([[沃伦法院]])掀起了美国历史上一场划时代的[[自由主义]][[宪政]]革命(Constitutional Revolution),通过一系列里程碑式的判决,终结了美国的种族隔离制度以及“隔离但平等”原则。<ref>E.g., Virginia [[Racial Integrity Act]], Virginia Code § 20–58 and § 20–59</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Court's Decision - Separate Is Not Equal|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/5-decision/courts-decision.html|website=americanhistory.si.edu|access-date=2019-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820181923/https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/5-decision/courts-decision.html|archive-date=2019-08-20|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Warren Court: Completion of a Constitutional Revolution|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/73968804.pdf|date=|last=|first=|website=William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003223936/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/73968804.pdf|archive-date=2019-10-03|access-date=|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483|date=|last=|first=|language=en|website=Oyez|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905074149/https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483|archive-date=2019-09-05|access-date=2019-10-20|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1964/515|date=|last=|first=|language=en|website=Oyez|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805163032/https://www.oyez.org/cases/1964/515|archive-date=2019-08-05|access-date=2019-10-20|dead-url=no}}</ref>
 
1953年,[[厄尔·沃伦]]成为第14任[[美国首席大法官]],其领导下的美国最高法院([[沃伦法院]])掀起了美国历史上一场划时代的[[自由主义]][[宪政]]革命(Constitutional Revolution),通过一系列里程碑式的判决,终结了美国的种族隔离制度以及“隔离但平等”原则。<ref>E.g., Virginia [[Racial Integrity Act]], Virginia Code § 20–58 and § 20–59</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Court's Decision - Separate Is Not Equal|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/5-decision/courts-decision.html|website=americanhistory.si.edu|access-date=2019-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820181923/https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/5-decision/courts-decision.html|archive-date=2019-08-20|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Warren Court: Completion of a Constitutional Revolution|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/73968804.pdf|date=|last=|first=|website=William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003223936/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/73968804.pdf|archive-date=2019-10-03|access-date=|dead-url=noyes}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483|date=|last=|first=|language=en|website=Oyez|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905074149/https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483|archive-date=2019-09-05|access-date=2019-10-20|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1964/515|date=|last=|first=|language=en|website=Oyez|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805163032/https://www.oyez.org/cases/1964/515|archive-date=2019-08-05|access-date=2019-10-20|dead-url=no}}</ref>
1954年,沃伦法院在[[布朗诉托皮卡教育委员会案]](Brown v. Board of Education)中,以9:0一致裁决:由于“黑白隔离政策表示黑人低劣”,所以原告和提出诉讼而处境与此相似的其他人,由于受所述种族隔离之害,已被剥夺了[[美國憲法第十四修正案]]與[[平等保護條款]]所保障的权利。<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Documents Related to Brown v. Board of Education|url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/brown-v-board|accessdate=2019-09-25|date=2016-08-15|work=National Archives|language=en}}</ref>此案的裁决突破了普莱西案对“隔离但平等”原则的认可,取消了在教育领域的种族隔离。此后最高法院又通过一系列判决,实质上否认了“隔离但平等”原则的合法性,被最終終結了美國實行逾一世紀的種族隔離政策。
 
1954年,沃伦法院在[[布朗诉托皮卡教育委员会案]](Brown v. Board of Education)中,以9:0一致裁决:由于“黑白隔离政策表示黑人低劣”,所以原告和提出诉讼而处境与此相似的其他人,由于受所述种族隔离之害,已被剥夺了[[美國憲法第十四修正案]]與[[平等保護條款]]所保障的权利。<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Documents Related to Brown v. Board of Education|url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/brown-v-board|accessdate=2019-09-25|date=2016-08-15|work=National Archives|language=en|archive-date=2022-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222184245/https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/brown-v-board}}</ref>此案的裁决突破了普莱西案对“隔离但平等”原则的认可,取消了在教育领域的种族隔离。此后最高法院又通过一系列判决,实质上否认了“隔离但平等”原则的合法性,被最終終結了美國實行逾一世紀的種族隔離政策。
 
1967年,在{{link-en|洛文诉弗吉尼亚州案|Loving v. Virginia}}中,沃伦法院以9:0一致裁决:[[弗吉尼亚州]]及其它16州[[反异族通婚法|禁止不同族裔通婚]]违宪,[[异族通婚]]合法化,保障了婚姻自由权。<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Loving v. Virginia|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1966/395|accessdate=2019-09-30|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=Oyez|language=en|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115152456/https://www.oyez.org/cases/1966/395|archive-date=2016-11-15}}</ref>首席大法官厄尔·沃伦在法院多数意见中写道<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Loving v. Virginia|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/388/1|language=en|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|access-date=2019-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015003713/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/388/1|archive-date=2019-10-15|dead-url=no}}</ref>:<blockquote>在我们的宪法下,一个人选择与其他种族的人结婚或者不结婚,完全取决于那个人本身,而这个自由是不能被各州所干涉的(The freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State)</blockquote>
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== 參見 ==
* [[美國重建時期]]
* [[沃伦法院]]
* [[性別隔離]]
* [[民事結合]]
* [[臺灣同性婚姻]]
* [[同性婚姻]]
 
== 参考材料文獻 ==
{{reflist}}
 
== 外部連結 ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095623/http://www.jcrb.com/zyw/n2/ca123672.htm 人民法院报-王亚琴-“隔离但平等”的终结]