美国宪法第十四修正案:修订间差异

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== 内容 ==
* '''第一款''' 所有合众国出生或归化合众国并受其管辖的人都是皆為合众国的和他们及其居住州公民。任何一所有,都不得制定或实施限制合众国公民特权或豁免权法律;不经正当法律程序,任何州皆不得剥夺任何人生命、自由或财产;州管辖范围内,不得拒绝给予任何人平等法律保护。
* '''第二款''' 众议员名额,应按各州人口比例进行分配,此人口数包括一州的全部人口数,但不包括未被征税的印第安人。但在选举合众国总统和副总统选举人、国会众议员、州行政和司法官员或州议会议员的任何选举中,一州的年满21岁并且是合众国公民的任何男性居民,除因参加叛乱或其他犯罪外,如其选举权遭到拒绝或受到任何方式的限制,则该州代表权的基础,应按以上男性公民的人数同该州年满21岁男性公民总人数的比例予以削减。
* '''第三款''' 无论何人,凡先前曾以国会议员、或合众国官员、或任何州议会议员、或任何州行政或司法官员的身份宣誓维护合众国宪法,以后又对合众国作乱或反叛,或给予合众国敌人帮助或鼓励,都不得担任国会参议员或众议员、或总统和副总统选举人,或担任合众国或任何州属下的任何文武官员。但国会得以两院各三分之二的票数取消此种限制。
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====实质性正当程序====
从1897年的{{link-en|奥尔盖耶诉路易斯安那州案|Allgeyer v. Louisiana}}开始,法院就认为正当程序条款需要向私人契约提供实质性保护,从而禁止政府的各类社会和经济调节、管控,这一原则被称为[[契约自由原则]]<ref>''Allgeyer v. Louisiana'', {{ussc|165|578|1897}}</ref><ref name="Wests">{{Cite book |url=http://law.jrank.org/pages/6312/Due-Process-Law-Substantive-Due-Process.html |title=West's Encyclopedia of American Law |publisher=Thomson Gale |accessdate=2013-09-05 |year=1998 |chapter=Due Process of Law – Substantive Due Process |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606021952/http://law.jrank.org/pages/6312/Due-Process-Law-Substantive-Due-Process.html |archivedate=2013-06-06 |deadurl=no}}</ref>。根据这一原则,法院在1905年的{{link-en|[[洛克纳诉纽约州案|Lochner v. New York}}]]中宣布一项规定面包工人最高工时的法律违宪<ref>''Lochner v. New York'', {{ussc|198|45|1905}}</ref>,又于1923年的{{link-en|阿德金斯诉儿童医院案|Adkins v. Children's Hospital}}中判决一项规定最低工资标准的法律无效<ref>''Adkins v. Children's Hospital'', {{ussc|261|525|1923}}</ref>,同年的{{link-en|迈耶诉内布拉斯加案|Meyer v. Nebraska}}中,法院指出“自由”受正当程序条款保护<ref>''Meyer v. Nebraska'', {{ussc|262|390|1923}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CRS Annotated Constitution |url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt14cfrag8_user.html |access-date=2013-06-12 |publisher=Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute |quote=[w]ithout doubt...denotes not merely freedom from bodily restraint but also the right of the individual to contract, to engage in any of the common occupations of life, to acquire useful knowledge, to marry, establish a home and bring up children, to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, and generally to enjoy those privileges long recognized at common law as essential to the orderly pursuit of happiness by free men. |archivedate=2013-06-12 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6HKNGO94g?url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt14cfrag8_user.html |deadurl=no}}</ref>。
 
不过,在1887年的{{link-en|马格勒诉堪萨斯案|Mugler v. Kansas}}中,法院支持了一些经济调节政策<ref>''Mugler v. Kansas'', {{ussc|123|623|1887}}</ref>,到了1898年的{{link-en|霍顿诉哈迪案|Holden v. Hardy}}中,法院裁决有关煤矿工人最高工时的法律合宪<ref>''Holden v. Hardy'', {{ussc|169|366|1898}}</ref>,1908年的{{link-en|穆勒诉俄勒冈州案|Muller v. Oregon}}则认可了规定女性工人最高工时的法律<ref>''Muller v. Oregon'', {{ussc|208|412|1908}}</ref>。在1917年的威尔逊诉纽案({{lang|en|Wilson v. New}})中,法院认可了总统[[伍德罗·威尔逊]]对[[铁路]][[罢工]]的干预措施<ref>''Wilson v. New'', {{ussc|243|332|1917}}</ref>,还在1919年的美国诉多雷姆斯案({{lang|en|United States v. Doremus}})中认定监管[[毒品]]的联邦法院合宪<ref>''United States v. Doremus'', {{ussc|249|86|1919}}</ref>。在1937年的[[西海岸旅馆公司诉帕里什案]]案中,法院否定了原本契约自由的广泛认定,但没有明确地将之全盘推翻<ref>''West Coast Hotel v. Parrish'', {{ussc|300|379|1937}}</ref>。
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对于包括约翰·宾汉姆在内的修正案制定者是否有意建立合并原则的问题,法律史学家一直争论不休<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Bingham, John Armor |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties |publisher=CRC Press |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YoI14vYA8r0C&pg=PA145&dq=%22fourteenth+amendment%22+John+Bingham&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oUe6Uei9Cons8wTpq4HoBg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22fourteenth%20amendment%22%20John%20Bingham&f=false |last=Foster |first=James C. |editor-last=Finkleman |editor-first=Paul |pages=145 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107124652/https://books.google.com/books?id=YoI14vYA8r0C&pg=PA145&dq=%22fourteenth+amendment%22+John+Bingham&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oUe6Uei9Cons8wTpq4HoBg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22fourteenth%20amendment%22%20John%20Bingham&f=false |archive-date=2017-01-07 |accessdate=2013-09-05 |dead-url=no}}</ref>。据法律学者[[阿希尔·里德·阿马]]所说,第十四修正案的制定者和早期支持者们相信,在第十四修正案通过后,各州都将不得不承认与联邦政府相同的个人权利,所有这些权利都很可能被理解成属于修正案中“特权或豁免权”的保障范围<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amar |first=Akhil Reed |year=1992 |title=The Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment |url=http://www.saf.org/LawReviews/Amar1.html |journal=Yale Law Journal |publisher=The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 101, No. 6 |volume=101 |issue=6 |page=1193–1284 |doi=10.2307/796923 |jstor=796923 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903205310/http://www.saf.org/LawReviews/Amar1.html |archive-date=2013-09-03 |access-date=2013-09-05 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>。
 
时间进入20世纪下半叶后,几乎所有权利法案中保障的权利都已经应用到各州<ref>{{Cite web |date=1968-05-20 |title=''Duncan v. Louisiana'' (Mr. Justice Black, joined by Mr. Justice Douglas, concurring) |url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0391_0145_ZC.html |access-date=2013-09-05 |publisher=Cornell Law School – Legal Information Institute |deadurl=no |archivedate=2013-03-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323010001/http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0391_0145_ZC.html}}</ref>。最高法院已经判定第十四修正案的正当程序条款包含了[[美国宪法第一修正案|第一]]、[[美國憲法第二修正案|第二]]、[[美國憲法第四修正案|第四]]、[[美國憲法第六修正案|第六修正案]]中的全部条款,还包括[[美国宪法第五修正案|第五修正案]]中除[[大陪审团]]条款外的所有内容,以及[[美国宪法第八修正案|第八修正案]]中的残酷和非常惩罚条款<ref name="levy">{{Cite book |title=Fourteenth Amendment and the Bill of Rights: The Incorporation Theory (American Constitutional and Legal History Series) |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0306700298 |last=Levy |first=Leonard |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-306-70029-8}}</ref>。虽然[[美國憲法第三修正案|第三修正案]]尚未经最高法院应用到各州,但[[美国联邦第二巡回上诉法院|第二巡回上诉法院]]曾在1982年的{{link-en|英伯朗诉凯里案|Engblom v. Carey}}中将其应用到法院所管辖的几个州中<ref>Engblom v. Carey, 677 F.2d 957 (1982)</ref>。而[[美國憲法第七修正案|第七修正案]]有关[[陪审团]]审理的权利已经法院裁决不适用于各州<ref name="levy" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1916-05-22 |title=''Minneapolis & St. Louis R. Co. v. Bombolis'' (1916) |url=http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/241/211/case.html |access-date=2013-09-05 |publisher=Supreme.justia.com |deadurl=no |archivedate=2013-05-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521020631/http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/241/211/case.html}}</ref>,但其中的重新审查条款不但对联邦法院有效,而且对于“在州法院经陪审团审理并上诉到最高法院的案件”都有效<ref>{{Cite web |year=1992 |title=The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis, and Interpretation - 1992 Edition --> Amendments to the Constitution --> Seventh Amendment - Civil Trials |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-1992/html/GPO-CONAN-1992-10-8.htm |access-date=2013-09-05 |website=U.S. Government Printing Office |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=1464 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114193908/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-1992/html/GPO-CONAN-1992-10-8.htm |archivedate=2013-01-14}}</ref>。
 
=== 平等保护条款 ===
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在1954年的{{link-en|埃尔南德斯诉得克萨斯州案|Hernandez v. Texas}}中,最高法院判决第十四修正案同样对既非白人,也不是黑人的其他种族和族裔群体提供保护,例如本案中的[[墨西哥裔美国人]]<ref>''Hernandez v. Texas'', {{ussc|347|475|1954}}</ref>。在布朗案之后的半个世纪里,法院将平等保护条款延伸到其他历史上的弱势群体,如女性和非婚生子女,虽然判定这些群体是否受到歧视的标准不如种族歧视那么严格<ref>''United States v. Virginia'', {{ussc|518|515|1996}}</ref><ref>''Levy v. Louisiana'', {{ussc|361|68|1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionalun00gers |title=The Constitutional Underclass: Gays, Lesbians, and the Failure of Class-Based Equal Protection |last=Gerstmann |first=Evan |publisher=University Of Chicago Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-226-28860-9}}</ref>。
 
在1978年的[[加州大学董事会诉巴基案]]中,最高法院判定[[公立大学]]招生中的根据[[平权法案]]制订的{{link-en|种族配额|racial quota}}政策违反了《[[1964年民權法案]]》第6条,但是种族可以作为招生中考虑的一个因素,并且不会违反第6条和第十四修正案的平等保护条款<ref>Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, {{ussc|438|265|1978}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Supreme Court Drama: Cases That Changed America |year=2001 |title=Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 1978 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3457000109.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206004636/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3457000109.html |archive-date=2016-02-06 |access-date=2013-09-05 |website=Supreme Court Drama: Cases that Changed America |publisher={{Subscription required|via=HighBeam Research}} |dead-url=yes}}</ref>。在2003年的{{link-en|[[格拉茨诉布林格案|Gratz v. Bollinger}}]]和[[格鲁特诉布林格案]],[[密歇根大学]]声称要通过两类向少数族裔提供招生倾斜的政策来实现学校的[[文化差異|种族多样性]]<ref>Gratz v. Bollinger, {{ussc|539|244|2003}}</ref><ref>Grutter v. Bollinger, {{ussc|539|306|2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alger |first=Jonathan |date=2003-10-11 |title=Grutter/Gratz and Beyone: the Diversity Leadership Challenge |url=http://www.vpcomm.umich.edu/admissions/overview/challenge.html |access-date=2013-09-05 |publisher=University of Michigan |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813090527/http://www.vpcomm.umich.edu/admissions/overview/challenge.html |archivedate=2011-08-13 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>。在格拉兹案中,法院认为该校以分数为标准的本科招生制度中,为少数族裔加分的做法违反了平等保护条款;而在格鲁兹案里,法院同意该校法学院在招生时,把种族作为确定录取学生的多个考虑因素之一<ref>{{Cite web |author=Eckes, Susan B. |date=2004-01-01 |title=Race-Conscious Admissions Programs: Where Do Universities Go From Gratz and Grutter? |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-535368561.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206004636/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-535368561.html |archive-date=2016-02-06 |access-date=2013-09-05 |website=Journal of Law and Education |publisher={{Subscription required|via=HighBeam Research}} |dead-url=yes}}</ref>。在2013年的{{link-en|费舍尔诉德州大学案|Fisher v. University of Texas}}中,法院要求公立学校只有在没有可行的种族中立替代方案时,才能把种族因素纳入招生制度进行考虑<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howe |first=Amy |date=2013-06-24 |title=Finally! The Fisher decision in Plain English |url=http://www.scotusblog.com/?p=165685 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629185348/http://www.scotusblog.com/?p=165685 |archive-date=2013-06-29 |access-date=2013-09-05 |publisher=SCOTUSblog |dead-url=no}}</ref>。
 
在1971年的[[里德诉里德案]]中,最高法院推翻了爱达荷州偏袒男性的遗嘱认证法律<ref>''Reed v. Reed'', {{ussc|404|71|1971}}</ref>,这是最高法院首度裁定任意的性别歧视违反平等保护条款<ref name="Reed" />。在1976年的{{link-en|克雷格诉博伦案|Craig v. Boren}}中,法律判决法定或行政性的[[性别]]分类必须接受不偏不倚的司法审查<ref>''Craig v. Boren'', {{ussc|429|190|1976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Karst, Kenneth L. |date=2000-01-01 |title=Craig v. Boren 429 U.S. 190 (1976) |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425000655.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206004636/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425000655.html |archive-date=2016-02-06 |access-date=2013-09-05 |website=Encyclopedia of the American Constitution |publisher={{Subscription required|via=HighBeam Research}} |dead-url=yes}}</ref>。之后,里德和克雷格案成为先例,被多次援引并推翻了多个州的性别歧视法律<ref name="Reed">{{Cite web |date=2001-01-01 |title=Reed v. Reed 1971 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3457000128.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206004636/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3457000128.html |archive-date=2016-02-06 |access-date=2013-09-05 |website=Supreme Court Drama: Cases that Changed America |publisher={{Subscription required|via=HighBeam Research}} |dead-url=yes}}</ref>。
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第三款曾被用来防止[[美国社会党 (1901年)|美国社会党]]成员[[维克多·L·伯格尔]]当选1919至1920年的联邦众议员,因为他的反[[军国主义]]观点被裁定违反了《[[间谍法]]》。<ref>{{Citation |title=Chapter 157: The Oath As Related To Qualifications |date=1936-01-01 |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-HPREC-CANNONS-V6/html/GPO-HPREC-CANNONS-V6-10.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620130834/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-HPREC-CANNONS-V6/html/GPO-HPREC-CANNONS-V6-10.htm |deadurl=no |work=Cannon's Precedents of the U.S. House of Representatives |volume=6 |accessdate=2013-09-05 |archivedate=2013-06-20}}</ref>
 
2023年12月,{{le|科罗拉多州最高法院|Colorado Supreme Court}}引用第三款规定,判决剥夺美国前总统[[特朗普]]在该州参加共和党党内初选的资格。特朗普方面已表示将向[[美国最高法院]]上诉。这是美国历史上第一次引用该款做出的判决。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-19|title=Donald Trump banned from Colorado ballot in historic ruling by state's Supreme Court|url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-insurrection-14th-amendment-2024-colorado-d16dd8f354eeaf450558378c65fd79a2|access-date=2023-12-20|website=AP News|language=en|archive-date=2023-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220114939/https://apnews.com/article/trump-insurrection-14th-amendment-2024-colorado-d16dd8f354eeaf450558378c65fd79a2|dead-url=no}}</ref>随后,缅因州也以同样理由剥夺了特朗普的初选资格。目前,相关司法措施尚未生效。2024年2月4日[[美国最高法院]]裁定推翻{{le|科罗拉多州最高法院|Colorado Supreme Court}}先前禁止川普參選之裁定
 
==公共债务的有效性==